This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the concept and implementation of skill management as a cohesive set of competencies encompassing technical, interpersonal, conceptual, and strategic skills within organizational and entrepreneurial contexts. The background highlights the critical role of skill management in addressing the challenges posed by a highly competitive and rapidly evolving business environment, where mastery of these competencies determines both individual and organizational effectiveness in planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve collective objectives. Grounded in a literature review of seminal works by Robbins & Coulter, Katz, Drucker, Mintzberg, Armstrong, and Barney & Hesterly, this study adopts a structured approach that covers definitions, classification of skill types, their roles in organizations, development strategies, implementation challenges, and applications in entrepreneurship. The findings indicate that: (1) technical, human, and conceptual skills are complementary across different managerial levels; (2) skill development requires a blend of formal education, field practice, mentorship, and technology utilization; (3) primary challenges include technological adaptation, complexity of decision-making, and limitations in training resources; and (4) in entrepreneurial ventures, effective skill management is fundamental to planning, finance, human resources, innovation, and communication. In conclusion, skill management should not be viewed as a static competency but as a strategic asset that must be continuously enhanced through lifelong learning, enabling both individuals and organizations to sustain growth and resilience in the era of globalization and digital transformation.

Science and the scientific method are two closely related concepts that support the development of research. The scientific method provides a systematic framework for acquiring, validating, and organizing knowledge, while science serves as the theoretical foundation for further exploration. This study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach to evaluate the relationship between science and the scientific method in advancing research. By analyzing recent literature, this article identifies patterns, challenges, and opportunities in the application of the scientific method across various disciplines. The findings reveal that the scientific method not only acts as a tool for validation but also as a mechanism for fostering innovation in multidisciplinary research. This highlights its critical role in ensuring the reliability and relevance of scientific advancements.

This study examines the effect of leverage on the profitability of PT Pabrik Kertas Tjiwi Kimia Tbk during the 2020–2024 period. Using a causal research method with secondary data obtained from financial reports published on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), the study analyzes the relationship between Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) as the leverage indicator and Return on Assets (ROA) as the profitability indicator. The results indicate a significant negative relationship between leverage and profitability. Increased DER is associated with a decrease in ROA, suggesting that excessive debt reduces financial performance due to higher interest costs and financial risks. This study contributes to the understanding of leverage's impact on profitability in the manufacturing sector, offering valuable insights for corporate management, investors, and academics. Recommendations include enhancing operational efficiency and optimizing debt management strategies to improve long-term profitability