This study investigates the role of customary law in natural resource governance with a specific focus on strengthening the rights of Indigenous communities in Eastern Indonesia. The background of this research lies in the marginalization of customary law amid state-centered legal frameworks and the expansion of extractive industries, which often neglect Indigenous environmental stewardship. Using a qualitative case study approach, this research explores two Indigenous communities through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis. The study identifies seven major themes—including traditional ecological practices, legal legitimacy, and institutional collaboration—based on thematic coding of 42 interview transcripts. Findings reveal that customary law serves as a culturally embedded regulatory system that effectively preserves biodiversity and maintains social harmony. In regions where formal recognition of customary land rights exists, communities demonstrate stronger environmental governance and reduced conflict. Conversely, areas lacking formal legal acknowledgment face greater legal uncertainty and ecological degradation due to state-imposed concessions. The study highlights the need for an inclusive legal framework that integrates customary and state law to ensure environmental justice. It also contributes conceptually by offering an interdisciplinary model combining juridical and socio-legal perspectives to analyze legal pluralism. This research affirms that customary law is not static but adapts dynamically to social and political changes. As such, the recognition and institutional integration of Indigenous legal systems are essential for achieving sustainable and equitable natural resource management.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using the Jarimatika method on the motivation and learning outcomes of fifth graders at SDN Prapag Lor 01. To answer these problems, the researchers used two data analyzes, namely, to test the effect of the Jarimatika method on learning motivation with the Wilcoxon match pairs test and to test the effect of the Jarimatika method on learning outcomes using the Paired Sample t-test. The research subjects were 21 respondents. Collecting data using a questionnaire instrument to collect data on students' learning motivation and mathematics learning outcomes obtained through tests and student scores documents. For other information, researchers used interviews. Based on the results of the study, it was found that: 1) The average result of learning motivation before using the Jarimatika method was 39.14 in the poor category. 2) The average result of learning motivation after using the Jarimatika method is 67.33 in the very good category. 3) The researcher then analyzed the data using the Wilcoxon match pairs test, the value (tcount = 0 < ttable = 2,080) at a significance level of 5%. Thus, it can be concluded that there is an influence of the Jarimatika method on the motivation to learn mathematics in third grade students of SDN Prapag Lor 01 in the academic year 2021/2022. 4). The average result of learning mathematics before using the Jarimatika method was 43.33 in the poor category. 5) The average result of learning mathematics after using the Jarimatika method is 80.48 in the very good category. 6) Next, the researcher analyzed the data by using the Paired Sample t-test. The value (tcount = 11.2 > ttable = 2.086) at a significance level of 5%. Thus, it can be concluded that there is an influence of the Jarimatika method on the learning outcomes of multiplication operations mathematics in third grade students of SDN Prapag Lor 01 in the 2021/2022 academic year.