This study aimed to investigate the impact of various substrates and nutrients on the growth and yield of Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo) in a floating raft hydroponic system. The research was used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors: substrate type (M) consisting of rice husk charcoal, sphagnum moss, and compost; and nutrient type (A) comprising AB Mix, NPK, and Gandasil D. There were 9 treatment combinations, each replicated 3 times, resulting in a total of 81 plant samples. The observed parameters included time to sprouting, plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, canopy diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight of the plant. The results showed a significant interaction between substrate and nutrient types on the number of branches at 6 weeks after planting, while no interaction was observed for other parameters and the best results were obtained from the combination of rice husk charcoal substrate and AB Mix nutrient. Substrate and nutrient types significantly affected plant growth (height, number of branches, and canopy diameter) and yield (fresh and dry plant weight as well as fresh and dry root weight). Rice husk charcoal and AB Mix nutrient produced the best plant growth and yield up to 6 weeks after planting.

Land degradation challenges rice productivity in Indonesia, demanding innovative agronomic solutions. This study evaluated the interaction between humic acid-coated biochar rates and plant spacing on the growth and yield of rice (var. IR-64). A field experiment using a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design was conducted in Malang. The treatments used a 2 factorial, the first factor included four biochar rates (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha⁻¹) and the second factor used three plant spacings (20x20, 20x30, and 20x40 cm). The result showed a significant interaction (P 0.05) between biochar rate and spacing for the number of tillers and stem diameter. The highest tiller count (35.27) was recorded in the 5 t ha⁻¹ biochar rate, combined with 20x40 cm spacing. While the main effect of biochar on yield was not significant, plant spacing had a dominant impact; the 20x30 cm spacing yielded the highest grain weight per plot (8.74 kg). These findings highlight that rice yield optimization depends on the specific synergy between soil ameliorants and planting density

This study aims to determine the effect of the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach to improve the learning outcomes of grade VIIa students at SMP Sunan Giri Malang. The specific purpose of the research conducted was to describe the application steps of the RME Approach to improve learning outcomes in the Material Set using two cycles of Classroom Action Research (PTK). Data collection was carried out using material validation sheets, lesson implementation plans (RPP), Student Worksheets (LKS), student activity observation sheets, teacher activity observation sheets and results from posttests at the end of the cycle. The results showed that the use of the RME approach on set material succeeded in increasing the learning outcomes of grade VIIa students at Sunan Giri Junior High School, with a completeness percentage starting from 50% and increasing in the second cycle to 91.66% with a completeness score criterion of 75, so it is known that the RME approach is able to improve student learning outcomes in class VIIa set material at Sunan Giri Junior High School and is also able to increase student learning activities during learning.