This study aims to compare two main theories in modern cosmology, namely the Big Bang Theory and the Steady State Theory, using a descriptive cosmographic approach. This study is motivated by the lack of deep understanding as well as the limited Indonesian literature discussing the fundamental differences between the two theories. By employing a qualitative method through literature review, this research examines the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of each theory based on the latest scientific evidence and cosmographic perspectives. The analysis results show that the Big Bang Theory has strong support from observational evidence, such as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), galaxy redshift, and the distribution of light elements, which reinforces the narrative of the expansion and evolution of the universe. In contrast, the Steady State Theory is considered less relevant due to the absence of observational evidence for the creation of new matter and its inability to explain structure and the dynamics of the universe that are currently observed.

This research aims to investigate in depth the conflict between students from the Faculty of Engineering (FT) and the Faculty of Sports Science (FIK) at a university which started with a parking incident in the auditorium area. The method used in this research is a qualitative method. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted using open-ended questions that included the chronology of events, the background of the conflict, the parties involved, resolution efforts, and the impacts caused. The results of the interviews revealed that the conflict started with a misunderstanding regarding parking which sparked initial arguments and fights, and escalated into further physical clashes with stones being thrown at each other, damage to facilities, and injuries to victims. Initial peace efforts failed, so a larger FIK crowd attacked the Engineering Faculty area. The conflict ended after the masses withdrew and the victims were evacuated to hospitals. Data analysis identifies patterns and perspectives from various parties, and formulates recommendations for more effective conflict management.