This study is entitled "The Role of Parboru and Hula-Hula in the Settlement of Divorce Disputes in Batak Toba Customs". The main focus of this study is to analyze the role and position of Parboru (the woman's family) and Hula-Hula (the wife's family) in the divorce settlement process according to Batak Toba customs. This study also presents the dynamics of the interaction of the two elements in customary mediation, as well as how customary values ​​and norms are implemented to maintain the harmony and dignity of the extended family. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data obtained through interviews and library studies of relevant literature on Batak Toba customary law, Dalihan Na Tolu, and the role of Parboru and Hula-Hula in traditional ceremonies and the resolution of marital conflicts in Batak Toba customs. The results of the study indicate that Hula-Hula has a central position as a decision maker and mediator, while Parboru plays a role as a technical implementer, mediator, and balancer in the customary deliberation forum. The active involvement of both parties is very important to ensure that the divorce process runs according to customary norms and maintains the social harmony of the Batak Toba community. This study is expected to enrich the literature on Batak customary law and become a reference for students, the community, and customary leaders in understanding the importance of the role of kinship in resolving divorce.

Law plays a crucial role in enhancing public participation in local governance by providing a clear framework for citizen engagement in decision-making, oversight, and the fulfillment of their rights. This study examines the application of legal frameworks to improve public involvement in regional governance, focusing on the Indonesian context. Using an empirical juridical method, the research combines normative analysis of laws and empirical data from interviews and observations. Findings reveal that responsive legal products and participatory processes are essential to fostering public engagement in regional development. Key challenges include limited public awareness, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and inconsistent implementation of legal provisions. Addressing these issues through public education, transparent governance, and stronger legal enforcement can significantly improve participation rates. This paper highlights the importance of integrating legal and social perspectives to create inclusive and effective governance at the local level.

Village Government as a government entity at the local level has an important role in community development and empowerment. This research aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the village government system in Indonesia with a focus on the organizational structure, policies and challenges faced. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method by collecting data through interviews, observation and study of related documents. The results of the analysis show that the Village government system in Indonesia has various components, including the Village head, Village Consultative Body (BPD), and other Village officials. However, there are still several challenges that affect the effectiveness and efficiency of Village government. Factors such as limited resources, lack of access to information, and regulatory complexity are the main obstacles in carrying out the duties of the Village government. In addition, community involvement and the role of women in village decision making still need to be improved to ensure fair representation. This research also highlights the importance of improving central government policies related to Village funds and increasing human resource capacity at the Village level. Recommendations for improvement involve a holistic approach involving relevant parties, including the central government, regional government and local communities.

 The third source of law referred to in the civil law system is jurisprudence. When argued that customary law applies to all members of society as a whole not directly, but through jurisprudence. However, the position of jurisprudence as legal sources in the civil law system have not long been accepted. This was caused by the view that rules of conduct, especially statutory rules, are aimed at to regulate the existing situation and avoid conflict, thus the rules made for matters after the law was enacted. Law in p This is a guideline regarding what can and cannot be done. The forms of legal sources in the formal sense in the Civil Law legal system are: Legislation, customs and jurisprudence. Countries Civil law adherents place the constitution at the highest level in the hierarchy of regulations Legislation
 

Permasalahan pengungsi saat ini adalah masuknya pengungsi dari negara Myanmar yaitu pengungsi etnis Rohingya. Konflik etnis Rohingya yang berkepanjangan yang terjadi di Myanmar membuat mereka lari dan keluar dari Myanmar, dan salah satu negara yang terkena dampak dari pindahnya etnis Rohingya ini adalah indonesia. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian hukum normatif dengan teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yang dilakukan dengan menggali kerangka normatif dan teknik studi dokumen menggunakan bahan hukum. Sehingga didapat kesimpulan bahwa  yurisdiksi dari ICC sendiri dalam menangangani kasus Genosida yang terjadi di Myanmar terhadap etnis Rohingnya, ICC berpedoman pada statuta yang mendasarinya yaitu Statuta Roma 1998.
Kata Kunci:  Pengungsi, Genosida, Rohingya
ABSTRACT
The current refugee problem is the influx of refugees from the myanmar state of ethnic rohingya. The ongoing rohingya ethnic conflict in myanmar leaves them in and out of myanmar, and one of the countries affected by the rohingyas is Indonesia. The type of research used in this study is a normative-law study with legal collection techniques done by digging up normatif skeletons and document study techniques using legal materials. This leads to the conclusion that the jurisdiction of the ICC itself is responsible for the genocide that occurred in myanmar against its ethnic rohinge, the ICC adheres to the underlying statute of Romans 1998.
Key words: refugees, genocide, rohingya

In the context of civil law, Tort Law plays an important role in upholding the rights of loss victims. Tort law is rooted in the principle that every individual has the right to live without experiencing interference from the unlawful acts of others. The aim of this research is to find out how Tort Law works in the context of Civil Law: Enforcement of the Rights of Loss Victims. The method used in this research is qualitative research in the nature of library research which uses books and other literature as the main object. Data analysis in this research looks for sources of information regarding tort law in the context of civil law: Enforcement of the Rights of Loss Victims. Based on research results, Tort Law in the context of civil law discusses violations of civil law that cause harm to individuals or property. The principle is to provide compensation to victims who suffer as a result of unlawful actions.

This research aims to determine the impact of lack of transparency in regional financial management on local development and community welfare and accountability will remain a topic of concern in society. The public does not want acts of corruption to occur in government, because acts of corruption will not only be detrimental to state finances, they will also have an impact on hampering state development and reducing the level of social welfare. This type of research is a literature study. Library study activities related to methods of collecting library data, reading and taking notes and processing research materials. The results of the research inform that the phenomenon of non-transparency in the areas of budgeting, personnel, procurement of goods and services is certainly a fact that must be revealed based on the facts that can be observed and witnessed in various implementation of the main duties and functions of government employees. The cause of non-transparency in the various fields mentioned above is because there are factors that hinder the realization of transparency in the implementation of clean, authoritative and responsible regional government. Keywords: Transparency, Finance, Society

This article aims to examine the principle of French religion being secular, or laïcité. France adopted this principle in 1905. This principle separates religious and state affairs, including state interference in religious worship. This principle also aims to protect the freedom of French people to adhere to or not adhere to religion and prevent religion from entering state institutions, one of which is education. The method used in this research is library research, namely a method of collecting data by understanding and studying theories from various literature related to the research.

Comparative law as a science in the Western world is a very young branch of science, only growing rapidly at the end of the 19th century or at the beginning of the 20th century. Previously, efforts had been made to compare several systems with each other, but at that time It cannot be said that research has been carried out using a comparative method carried out systematically and continuously with the aim of achieving a certain goal. The method used is library research, collecting data by searching for sources and constructing them from various sources such as books, journals and existing research. In its development, this legal system recognized the division of public law and private law. Public law includes legal regulations that regulate the power and authority of the ruler/state as well as the relationships between society and the state (the same as public law in the Anglo-Saxon legal system). Private Law includes legal regulations that regulate relationships between individuals in meeting their daily needs. The values ??of the western legal system are not in accordance with the noble values ??of the Indonesian nation, resulting in a gap between the law and the Indonesian society it regulates. The customary law system has its values ??in certain indigenous communities, can only be believed and practiced by indigenous communities, and cannot be ratified as national law, and the Islamic legal system's values ??are believed and practiced by the majority of Indonesian people nationally.