This qualitative literature review examines the influence of index fund ownership on share recall behavior and proxy voting outcomes. Index funds, as passive investors with substantial ownership stakes, have significant power in corporate governance, especially through their voting decisions. Although typically less involved in shareholder activism, their voting behavior can shape corporate outcomes, providing stability in governance. However, the review also highlights concerns about the lack of active scrutiny over management decisions, potentially leading to suboptimal outcomes in companies with weak governance structures. The review compares findings from various studies, emphasizing the evolving role of index funds in corporate governance and their impact on shareholder value. It also discusses the limitations of existing literature and calls for future research to explore the behavior of different types of index funds, as well as the potential influence of ESG factors on corporate decision-making.

This qualitative literature review explores the signaling mechanisms and communication strategies that influence crowdfunding success in entrepreneurial fundraising. By examining the role of social proof, narrative framing, visual signals, and communication strategies, the review identifies key factors that enhance the effectiveness of crowdfunding campaigns. The findings highlight the importance of creating trust, emotional connections, and sustained engagement with backers through transparent and consistent communication. While signaling mechanisms such as social proof and compelling narratives have been shown to increase credibility, the review also emphasizes potential limitations, including cultural biases and resource constraints. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of how entrepreneurs can leverage communication strategies to maximize crowdfunding success and offers directions for future research on platform-specific and culturally diverse contexts.

In the ever-evolving digital era, the concept of "Think Globally, Act Locally" emerges as a key strategy for managing creative and innovative digital businesses. This study aims to explore how companies can integrate global approaches with local adaptations to enhance business competitiveness. The research method involves literature analysis, interactive discussions in webinars, and case studies on digital strategy implementation. Findings reveal that the success of digital businesses is highly influenced by their adaptability to local market needs while maintaining a global vision. The study implies the significance of innovation and creativity in developing culturally relevant products and services, along with leveraging digital technology as a strategic tool. Strategies combining local and global perspectives have the potential to foster sustainable business growth.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a promotion effect on consumer decisions to buy shoe products at Rise and Risk online stores during the Covid 19 pandemic. The background of this research is considering that this pandemic is quite detrimental to business people and promotion through social media is the main thing to determine its effect on purchasing decisions. In this study, researchers used quantitative methods, namely research methods conducted by selecting samples through the purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques in this study also went through a process, namely the distribution of questionnaires to respondents who were the subjects of this study. Respondents in this study were Instagram followers of the online store Rise and Risk, a sample of 100 respondents was taken. The data processing used in this research is using SPSS. The results obtained indicate that promotion has an influence on consumer purchasing decisions to buy shoe products at the Rise and Risk online store. The results of this study are to contribute in the field of communication, especially business communication.