Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant healthcare-associated pathogen, capable of spreading through contaminated aerosols generated by medical equipment such as nebulizers. The increasing prevalence of MRSA infections, coupled with challenges in effective disinfection, highlights the urgency of identifying optimal disinfection methods. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of chlorhexidine in reducing MRSA contamination in nebulizer equipment, focusing on determining the optimal concentration for disinfecting nebulizers to minimize airborne transmission. This study employed an in vitro experimental design. The study population consisted of MRSA isolates obtained from clinical sputum specimens. The samples included nebulizer equipment inoculated with MRSA suspensions standardized to 10⁷ CFU/mL. Disinfection was carried out using chlorhexidine at concentrations of 2.5%, 4%, and 5%, each diluted in 70% alcohol. Control groups were rinsed with sterile saline and 70% alcohol. Post-disinfection, the nebulizer surfaces were swabbed and cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar to quantify colony-forming units (CFUs). Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test, with a significance level set at p 0.05. The results show that chlorhexidine 2.5% reduced bacterial counts to an average of 1 CFU/plate, and 4% chlorhexidine reduced it to 49 CFU/plate. Chlorhexidine 5% resulted in an average of 1,430.6625 CFU/plate. Statistical analysis revealed significant reductions with 2.5% and 4% chlorhexidine compared to controls (p0.01), whereas 5% Chlorhexidine did not show a significant difference. These findings suggest that lower concentrations of chlorhexidine may be sufficient for effective disinfection in nebulizer equipment, addressing the risk of MRSA spread through airborne particles.

In the current covid-19 endemic, degenerative diseases still have a high prevalence and morbidity rate, one of which is hypertension. The high prevalence of hypertension can be caused by many factors such as improper lifestyle management that can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Adults and elderly with hypertension are encouraged to receive non-pharmacological treatments to minimize risk factors for cardiovascular and other systemic and degenerative diseases. Families have an important role in providing information about hypertension and the risk of complications for patients. Families also have a role in providing appropriate care, especially during the period towards endemic covid-19. Counseling was conducted on patients and their families in Sumberejo Village, Poncokusumo District, Malang Regency. The activity was carried out with an initial examination and counseling consisting of 2 main topics: 1) what is hypertension and 2) hypertension care management by family at home. The results showed an increase in knowledge related to physical activity, high blood control, and the role of the family at home with a score of 70 and joint exercises were routinely carried out every 2 weeks. For the sustainability of the program, coordination was carried out with relevant stakeholders.