Organizational fraud represents a significant global challenge, with estimated annual losses of 5% of revenue, totaling approximately US$4.7 trillion worldwide. This systematic literature review examines whistleblowing effectiveness as a fraud detection mechanism, analyzing the tension between its role as a transparency pillar and the retaliatory risks faced by whistleblowers. The study employed a qualitative Systematic Literature Review methodology, analyzing 25 peer-reviewed articles published between 2020-2025 from SINTA, Scopus, and registered E-ISSN journals. Literature was selected using keywords related to whistleblowing effectiveness, fraud detection, transparency mechanisms, and retaliation risk. Results demonstrate that whistleblowing systems significantly enhance fraud detection and prevention across both public and private sectors, with 24 of 25 reviewed studies confirming positive impacts. Effectiveness is influenced by individual attitudes, perceived behavioral control, organizational commitment, professional commitment, moral reasoning, and organizational culture. The integration of whistleblowing with forensic and investigative audit mechanisms creates a mutually reinforcing fraud detection framework. However, retaliation risk remains a substantial challenge, potentially undermining whistleblowing effectiveness. The study concludes that organizations must develop comprehensive whistleblower protection frameworks, cultivate supportive organizational cultures, ensure transparent report handling processes, and leverage technology to guarantee anonymity. A balanced approach between promoting transparency through whistleblowing and protecting whistleblowers from retaliation is essential for maximizing fraud detection effectiveness. Organizations are advised to integrate whistleblowing into comprehensive anti-fraud strategies with adequate protection mechanisms and whistleblower incentives.

Auditor professional skepticism is a key aspect in determining audit quality and audit process efficiency. This study aims to analyze the role of auditor professional skepticism in improving audit quality and the challenges that arise in its implementation. Using a qualitative approach through the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, this study reviewed 36 relevant articles from various national and international journals. The results show that 25 studies support professional skepticism as a major factor in improving audit quality. Skeptical auditors are able to detect material errors and indications of fraud more accurately, increase the transparency of financial statements, and strengthen corporate accountability. However, another 11 studies highlighted that excessive professional skepticism can hinder audit efficiency by extending audit duration, increasing costs, and creating tension with clients. In addition, time budget pressures and efficiency demands may reduce the application of auditor skepticism in some circumstances. The success of auditors' professional skepticism depends not only on high applicability, but also balance with audit efficiency. Factors such as auditor experience, external pressures, and applicable regulations are key elements in determining the effectiveness of professional skepticism in audits. Therefore, the professional skepticism implementation strategy should be tailored to the specific needs and characteristics of the audit to ensure a quality audit without hampering efficiency.

Cloud-Based Accounting Systems (CBAS) are technological innovations that support digital transformation in financial management by increasing efficiency, transparency, and real-time data access. This system helps companies reduce manual recording errors, improve reporting accuracy, and accelerate data-based decision-making processes. In addition, CBAS also has advantages in terms of flexibility of use and compliance with accounting standards, making it a relevant solution for modern companies. Although CBAS offers many benefits, its implementation can also create a perception of technological superiority that does not fully reflect reality if it is not balanced with organizational and human resource readiness. Challenges often faced in implementing CBAS include dependence on cloud services, data security threats, and errors in system input or configuration that can lead to inaccurate financial reports. In addition, overly high expectations for automation can lead to neglect of manual supervision that is still needed to maintain the reliability of financial information. The success of CBAS implementation is highly dependent on a well-designed implementation strategy, adequate user training, and appropriate risk mitigation measures. With careful planning and a strategic approach, CBAS can serve as a tool that increases financial transparency and efficiency, not just a technology trend that provides no real benefits.