Consumer disputes may be resolved by non-litigation or litigation, with the latter being reserved for extreme cases. Companies are obligated to pay customers' compensation claims. The parties to a dispute should not be unfairly treated when the burden of evidence is not evenly distributed. In order to avoid an unfair burden of evidence mistakes that hurt other parties, the burden of proof has to be examined case by case. Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection specifies the burden of evidence in Article 28. When it comes to enforcing the law in Indonesia, doctrines are accepted sources of law from outside the country. An interesting topic for debate is the regulation and use of the res ipsa loquitur doctrine in consumer dispute resolution in Indonesia. This method has a normative legal bent. The Consumer Protection Law does not explicitly govern the res ipsa loquitur notion, even though it is acknowledged in Indonesian consumer dispute settlement. Applying res ipsa loquitur to consumer disputes may help ensure fairness, which is in line with the Consumer Protection Law's established reverse burden of proof.
 

This research explores strategies to support novice learners in developing their writing skills in the English Education Study Program at an Indonesian university, the Islamic Institut of Palangka Raya. Writing is often considered one of the most challenging aspects of language learning, requiring a combination of vocabulary knowledge, grammatical precision and structural coherence. The participants, five beginner learners, were selected using purposive sampling and underwent a writing task that progressed from sentence-level exercises to paragraph construction. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and direct observation, and analyzed thematically. Findings showed that challenges such as limited vocabulary, grammatical errors, and psychological barriers such as low self-confidence hindered students' progress. Effective strategies included guided sentence construction, collaborative writing exercises, and exposure to structured templates and quality reading materials. The participants reported improved confidence and skills through positive feedback and step-by-step writing tasks. The findings suggest that integrating motivating and structured learning methods can significantly improve writing ability among beginners, contributing to their academic and personal growth.

This research examines the importance of cultivating an entrepreneurial spirit and character in the younger generation, as well as the potential and opportunities for the flower bouquet business as an example of young people's creativity in facing the modern era. Through literature reviews and practical observations, this research explores the vital role of entrepreneurship in economic and social development, as well as its benefits for individuals and society. The main focus is given to the flower bouquet business as a case study, explaining the manufacturing process, tools and materials used, and the market potential it has. The research results show that the development of an entrepreneurial spirit in the younger generation not only contributes to economic growth, but also facilitates self-actualization and social innovation. The flower bouquet business was identified as a promising opportunity with affordable initial capital and significant profit potential. This research concludes that encouraging entrepreneurship among the younger generation, such as through the flower bouquet business, can be an effective strategy for increasing creativity, financial independence and positive contributions to society.