The implementation of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) regulations in Indonesia is still in its developmental stage and faces several challenges in enforcement and compliance. Compared to developed countries, Indonesia's ESG framework lacks strong incentives and adequate regulatory oversight, leading to inconsistencies in corporate adherence. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of ESG regulations in Indonesia from a legal perspective and evaluate their impact on corporate compliance. A normative juridical approach was used, supplemented by case studies of companies that have implemented ESG principles. Data were collected through document analysis of regulatory frameworks, sustainability reports, and interviews with key stakeholders. The findings indicate that while the number of companies adopting ESG practices has increased significantly from 45 in 2018 to 675 in 2023, only 38% fully comply with ESG standards. Moreover, statistical analysis reveals a strong correlation (r = 0.78, p < 0.05) between regulatory strictness and corporate adherence. Weak enforcement mechanisms and the voluntary nature of ESG reporting remain major obstacles to effective implementation. The study also highlights that firms integrating ESG principles tend to attract more investment and demonstrate better financial stability. The findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on ESG regulation by emphasizing the need for policy reforms, including stricter enforcement, standardized reporting mechanisms, and economic incentives to enhance compliance. This research provides a foundation for future comparative studies on ESG regulation and suggests integrating technology-based monitoring tools such as blockchain and artificial intelligence to improve corporate accountability and sustainability practices.

The supervision and enforcement of the advocate code of ethics in Indonesia continue to face various challenges, impacting the effectiveness of the existing regulatory framework. The number of ethical violations committed by advocates has been increasing, from 120 cases in 2018 to 345 cases in 2023, with the most prevalent infractions including conflicts of interest, abuse of authority, and gratification. One of the primary factors contributing to the weak enforcement of the code of ethics is the limited oversight system, which remains confined to advocate organizations without the involvement of independent institutions. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the advocate supervision system in Indonesia, compare it with best practices in other countries, and identify measures that can be implemented to enhance accountability and transparency within the profession. The research employs a normative legal method with a comparative law approach and empirical studies. The analysis is conducted on existing regulations, case reports on violations, and interviews with key stakeholders, including advocates, clients, and legal observers. The findings reveal that only 40% of reported violations result in strict sanctions, while merely 10% of advocates found guilty of ethical misconduct face license revocation. Additionally, a survey of 500 respondents indicates that only 35% of the public is aware of the complaint procedures against advocates who breach ethical standards, highlighting the low level of transparency in the supervision system. This study contributes to the discourse by recommending the establishment of an independent institution to oversee advocates' compliance with ethical standards, as well as the increased utilization of digital technology in the supervision system. With more transparent and accountable oversight reforms, it is expected that ethical violations within the legal profession can be minimized, thereby strengthening public trust in Indonesia’s legal system

The gig economy has emerged as a global phenomenon, reshaping traditional work patterns, including in Indonesia. While offering flexibility to workers, this work model poses significant challenges concerning legal protection, especially in work relationships mediated by digital platforms. Gig workers often find themselves in vulnerable positions due to insufficient regulations and an imbalance in bargaining power between them and digital platforms. This study aims to analyze the legal protection for gig economy workers in Indonesia from a civil law perspective, highlighting gaps in existing regulations and offering recommendations for reform. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method. Data were obtained through literature review, analysis of electronic work contracts, and comparisons with gig economy regulations in other countries, such as the European Union and the United States. The findings reveal that electronic work contracts used by digital platforms in Indonesia are often unfair and favor the platforms. Furthermore, Indonesia’s gig economy regulations do not provide adequate protection, unlike countries such as the European Union, which have established minimum standards for gig workers' protection. This imbalance adversely affects gig workers’ welfare, including financial insecurity and lack of access to social security. This study contributes to the development of a more inclusive and equitable regulatory framework for gig workers in Indonesia. The implications include the need for civil law reforms to govern gig economy work relationships and the use of technology as a tool to enhance legal oversight. This research also lays the groundwork for future studies exploring the implementation of gig economy regulations in the context of other developing countries.

This study focuses on the juridical analysis of consumer protection in e-commerce transactions in Indonesia, considering the sector's rapid growth, which reached a total transaction value of IDR 631 trillion in 2023. On the other hand, consumer complaints have continued to rise, involving issues such as fraud, defective products, and data privacy violations. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of existing regulations, such as Law No. 8 of 1999 and its supporting regulations, in protecting consumer rights. Using a normative-juridical approach, the study examines the legal substance, implementation, and gaps between national regulations and international standards like the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The findings indicate that although national regulations provide basic protections, their effectiveness is considered low, particularly in the aspect of personal data protection, which only achieves 40% effectiveness, significantly lagging the GDPR at 95%. Additionally, inefficient complaint mechanisms and weak coordination among government agencies are major obstacles to resolving consumer disputes. Low digital literacy among consumers further exacerbates the ineffectiveness of the protection provided by existing regulations. The study concludes that national regulations require significant reform to be more adaptive to digital challenges. Policy recommendations include adopting GDPR principles, strengthening government oversight, and enhancing consumer education. This study's contribution is expected to strengthen a safe, transparent, and equitable e-commerce ecosystem in Indonesia while boosting consumer trust in online transactions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has driven an increase in social media activity as a means of communication and expressing opinions, but it has also introduced new challenges to freedom of expression. This study aims to analyze policies restricting freedom of expression on social media during the pandemic from the perspective of constitutional law. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, with data collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and legal document analysis. The study involved 15 informants, comprising legal experts, human rights activists, and social media users. Findings indicate that 60% of informants consider the restriction policies to be ambiguous and prone to misuse, while 40% support these policies for maintaining social stability. In this context, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) serves as the primary legal basis for these policies. Yet, its implementation is often criticized for conflicting with democratic principles and human rights. The study also reveals that while the policies have successfully reduced the spread of false information, their impact on freedom of expression is significant, including the removal of critical content targeting the government. This study highlights the need for more transparent, fair, and evidence-based policies to balance public protection and respect for individual rights. It contributes to constitutional law discourse by providing recommendations for policy revisions that are more responsive to the challenges of the digital era, particularly during crise

Protected forests play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity and mitigating climate change. However, these areas face increasing threats from illegal activities, such as logging and land encroachment, which compromise environmental stability and result in significant economic losses. This study evaluates the implementation of criminal law in addressing environmental crimes within Indonesia's protected forest areas, focusing on the effectiveness and challenges encountered in enforcement. A qualitative ethnographic approach was employed, involving direct observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) with local communities, law enforcement officials, and other stakeholders. The findings reveal that the effectiveness of law enforcement is hindered by several key factors: economic dependency on illegal activities, limited capacity and resources of law enforcement agencies, and external pressures from vested interests. Additionally, the lack of public awareness and inconsistent legal implementation exacerbate these challenges. Despite existing regulations, enforcement remains insufficient to deter environmental crimes or provide lasting protection for critical ecosystems. This study contributes to the understanding of the socio-economic and cultural dynamics that influence the effectiveness of environmental law enforcement. It underscores the need for a holistic strategy that integrates legal, economic, and community-based approaches. Recommendations include strengthening the capacity of law enforcement agencies, fostering public awareness through educational programs, and involving local communities and traditional leaders in collaborative conservation efforts. By addressing these gaps, the research provides actionable insights to enhance the preservation of protected forests in Indonesia and supports the development of more sustainable and inclusive environmental policies

Bullying behavior or actions that occur among adolescents have a negative impact on victims and society. Teenagers tend to behave aggressively by bullying others, so that the victim is very intimidated, even greatly affecting the victim's physical and psychological health. The lack of awareness of students, parents, teachers and even the community makes this bullying action increase, so it is necessary to conduct socialization to increase anti-bullying awareness by applying the Pancasila student profile. The targets in this socialization activity are students, parents, teachers and the community in Sukorejo Village, Pemalang Regency. The purpose of this socialization activity is to provide understanding and legal knowledge about anti-bullying awareness, especially among adolescents or students, given the emotional development that affects attitudes and actions in a more aggressive direction. This socialization activity uses an approach method by involving the audience by interacting through discussion and question and answer, which is then evaluated for feedback from the audience, and analyzed in the form of a journal so that it can be useful and for learning for the wider community.