Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest levels of biodiversity in the world and possesses vast tropical forest areas that play a crucial role in maintaining the stability of global ecosystems. However, in recent decades, Indonesia’s forests have faced significant pressures due to deforestation and environmental degradation, which have broad impacts on ecological functions, climate balance, and the socio-economic lives of communities. This study aims to examine the role of biodiversity and ecological adaptation mechanisms in maintaining the stability of Indonesia’s forest ecosystems through a literature review approach. The findings show that deforestation directly affects biodiversity decline, habitat fragmentation, disruption of hydrological systems, increased erosion, and carbon emissions. Additionally, illegal activities such as logging and mining exacerbate environmental degradation. Biodiversity is proven to be an important factor in enhancing ecosystem resilience to disturbances, including climate change. Adaptation mechanisms such as the presence of bioindicator species, the formation of ecological corridors, and community participation in conservation can strengthen ecological resilience. Rehabilitation of degraded areas and the implementation of sustainable governance policies are necessary to restore the ecological functions of forests. This study emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach in conservation strategies, supported by strong scientific, social, and institutional frameworks to ensure the sustainability of Indonesia’s forest ecosystems in the future.

The rapid growth of the city in Pulubala Urban Village, Gorontalo City, has resulted in pressure on the environment and the use of green open space (RTH). This study aims to analyse the use of green spaces in the residential area of Pulubala Village, which is inhabited by various ethnic groups. The method applied was descriptive qualitative, with data collection through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research findings indicate that RTH in Kelurahan Pulubala, covering an area of 0.50 Ha, consists of two categories, namely RTH Settlement Area and Smart Park. The benefits of RTH include play areas for children, social activities, and improved environmental quality. However, problems such as lack of space, poor condition, and environmental pollution threaten the sustainability of RTH. To optimise the utilisation of green spaces, better planning, increased public awareness, and the development of attractive facilities are needed. This research is expected to contribute to the preservation and development of green open spaces in urban areas.