A field of linguistics called phonology investigates the sound system of language, especially how sounds function to distinguish the meaning of words. The purpose of this study is to improve our understanding of the phoneme analysis of Indonesian. As the smallest units of sound, phonemes play an important role in distinguishing the meaning of words. The study of phonology includes the perception and production of sounds, their role in distinguishing meaning, and how sounds are used to create words and sentences. Phonology also investigates sound transformations such as assimilation, dissimilation, metathesis, and elision, which have an impact on the sound structure of language. Suprasegmental elements such as intonation, stress, and pauses are also discussed because they contribute to a clearer understanding of speech. In order to learn correct pronunciation and understand how sounds change as language develops, an understanding of phonology is essential.

Indonesian has a long historical journey as a means of communication as well as a symbol of national identity. This study discusses the dynamics of the development and position of Indonesian using the library research method. Library research used in this study can be in the form of books, articles and journals, which are based on various historical references and academic studies. Originating from the Malay language which has long functioned as a lingua franca in the Nusantara region, Indonesian was then inaugurated as a unifying language through the Youth Pledge in 1928 and was confirmed in the 1945 Constitution as the state language. The discussion also covers the important role of Indonesian in various sectors, such as the world of education, government bureaucracy, mass media, and the realm of technology. Based on the results of the literature review, it can be concluded that Indonesian plays a role not only as a means of communication, but also as an important element in the formation of national identity and the integration of a pluralistic society. This study emphasizes that the existence and function of Indonesian continue to develop in line with social change and progress.

Appreciation of children's literature is an important part of language and literature education at the elementary level because it can foster emotional sensitivity, aesthetics, and moral understanding of students from an early age. In order to increase the effectiveness of the process of appreciating children's literature, paraphrastic and analytical approaches can be applied productively to explore the meaning and values contained in literary works. The paraphrastic approach allows students to re-express the contents of the story in their own words, so that they can train their reading comprehension skills, critical thinking, and active language skills. Meanwhile, the analytical approach directs students to examine the intrinsic and extrinsic elements of literary works, such as characters, plot, setting, morals, and the socio-cultural context behind them. The combination of these two approaches not only improves students' cognitive abilities in understanding literature, but also fosters an appreciative and creative attitude in responding to literary works. The application of this strategy can be done through intensive reading activities, group discussions, rewriting stories, and the use of relevant digital media. Thus, appreciation of children's literature becomes an active, fun, and meaningful process, while supporting the development of students' literacy and character holistically.

Language is a means of communication used by humans to interact, express ideas, and build social relationships. Indonesian, as both the national and official language, plays a significant role in the lives of the Indonesian people. In addition to serving as a national identity, it functions as a unifying tool for the country's diverse ethnicities, cultures, and regional languages. This study aims to explain the functions of Indonesian as the national and official language, as well as to examine its language varieties based on usage situations, communication media, and fields of application. The research uses a library research method by exploring and analyzing various relevant literature, including academic books, journal articles, conference proceedings, and official documents. The findings indicate that Indonesian has various forms depending on the context and communication situation. These include formal and informal language, spoken and written forms, and variations based on specific fields such as science, law, journalism, and literature. This diversity reflects the flexibility of Indonesian in meeting the communication needs of society. Beyond being a communication tool, Indonesian also plays important social and cultural roles by strengthening social bonds and serving as a medium for preserving and developing national culture.
 

Indonesian language plays a crucial role as both a national and state language, serving as a unifying tool for the nation, a national identity, and a means of communication in various aspects of life. This paper aims to explain the functions of Indonesian as a national and state language, as well as to identify its variations based on usage context, communication media, and fields of application. The research method employed is a literature review, analyzing various sources related to the functions and variations of the Indonesian language. The findings reveal that Indonesian has dual functions: as a symbol of national pride and an official state communication tool. Additionally, the variations of Indonesian are classified into formal, non-formal, and casual based on usage context; spoken and written based on communication media; and academic, legal, literary, journalistic, and advertising based on fields of application. The implication of this research is the importance of public understanding of the functions and variations of Indonesian to ensure its appropriate use in different contexts, thereby enhancing communication effectiveness and preserving Indonesian as a national identity.

This article discusses the linguistic structure of Indonesian with an emphasis on the importance of morphology as one of the main aspects in learning and understanding language. Morphology, as a branch of linguistics, studies the internal structure of words and the process of their formation through affixation, reduplication, and composition. This study aims to analyze the types of morphemes—including free, bound, derivational, and inflectional morphemes—and to understand the morphological process and grammatical classes in Indonesian systematically. Through this study, it is also explained how affixation (prefix, suffix, infix, and confix), reduplication in various forms, and compound word composition play a role in forming meaning. This study highlights the importance of morphology in language teaching, communication, and development, and emphasizes that understanding morphological structure will improve language skills accurately and effectively, both in formal and informal contexts, and strengthen the sense of familiarity and awareness of the richness of Indonesian.

This study aims to analyze the proper and correct use of Indonesian, focusing on syntactic and semantic aspects, as well as identifying language errors that are common among speakers. As the national language, Indonesian has a significant role in education, communication, and culture. However, there are still various challenges in its mastery and application, especially at the elementary school level. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques through observation of written documents, interviews with language experts, and literature studies. The data obtained will be analyzed using a thematic approach to identify patterns of language errors and the factors that cause them. The results show that errors in language use often occur in syntactic structures, including phrases, clauses, and sentences, as well as in semantic aspects related to understanding meaning. Most of these errors are caused by a lack of understanding of grammar rules and weak language teaching at the primary school level. This study recommends strategies to improve the quality of Indonesian language learning through the development of more effective teaching methods, which are based on the analysis of language errors. It is hoped that the findings can contribute to the improvement of students' language competence as well as to the improvement of the quality of Indonesian language learning.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of Indonesian language rules and analyze phonological and morphological errors. Indonesian as the official language of the country is able to unite various ethnicities and cultures spread throughout the country. Teaching Indonesian does not only focus on language rules, but also provides a solid foundation for students to develop their communication skills. The method in this study uses the library research method or can be called library research. This method is used by collecting data by analyzing or reading a book, journal, document analysis, other literature studies to analyze things that are relevant to the topic being discussed. This method is used because it is to explore theories about how to apply phonology and morphology and how to analyze errors that occur in phonology and morphology. In this library research, the author collects data and studies it gradually and analyzes theories in books, journals, and other literature studies.