Although North Sumatra's cattle farms have enormous potential for development, there are still several issues that hinder productivity and efficiency. The comparative advantages and development strategies of cattle farming in the region are the subject of this study. The methods used include literature analysis and secondary data from various relevant sources. The results showed that, although local cattle have advantages in terms of adaptation to the environment, their productivity is lower than imported cattle such as Brahman Cross. Some of the factors that lead to low productivity include poor feed management, limited use of technology such as artificial insemination, and an ineffective marketing system. In addition, this study found that by improving the efficiency of agricultural waste as feed, cattle farming can thrive, the use of biogas and improved marketing systems through farmer cooperatives. Improving the competitiveness of cattle farming in North Sumatra can be achieved through the application of technology and local wisdom-based approaches. This research is expected to help in making policies and strategies to develop more efficient and sustainable cattle farming in the future.

Dakwah invites towards goodness through effective communication. The social penetration theory builds intimate relationships, enhances message acceptance, and creates positive impacts for the audience (mad’u). This study analyzes the application of social penetration theory in da’wah communication to improve the effectiveness and interpersonal relationships between the da’i and mad’u. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with literature review, examining social penetration theory in da’wah communication by collecting data from books, journals, and relevant articles. The findings show: In the orientation stage, the da’i introduces themselves and provides basic religious information to establish an initial connection. In the exploratory affective exchange stage, the da’i opens up, sharing more personal values and religious messages, creating emotional closeness. In the affective stage, the da’i shares personal experiences and life challenges, deepening understanding and trust. In the stable stage, the relationship becomes more honest and intimate, with efficient communication, strengthening the acceptance of religious messages.