The protection of citizens abroad has become an important issue in contemporary international law. Every country has an obligation to protect its citizens, both inside and outside its territory. However, the implementation of this protection often faces various challenges, especially related to state sovereignty and the principle of non-intervention in international law. This article aims to analyze the international legal basis regarding the protection of citizens abroad, as well as the practices carried out by countries in carrying out these protection obligations. The research method used is juridical-normative with a case study approach. The research results show that the protection of citizens abroad is based on the principles of international law, such as state responsibility, human rights and protection obligations. Countries have developed various mechanisms and legal instruments to realize the protection of their citizens, either through diplomacy, consular or other measures. However, its implementation still faces challenges related to the limitations of state sovereignty and the principle of non-intervention. This article concludes that the protection of citizens abroad is an international legal obligation that must be implemented by every country. Efforts are needed to strengthen the international legal framework and cooperation mechanisms between countries to ensure effective protection for their citizens abroad.

This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach and data presentation in the form of Fish Bone diagrams with observation, documentation, and interview methods. The results of this study show that there are problems that occur in the process of extending the safety certificate of tugboats at KSOP Class I Balikpapan, namely in the lack of accuracy, less efficient, and less optimal in the process of extending the safety certificate of tugboats, in the results of the inspection report there is a lack of equipment on the royal tb 7 ship, lack of maintenance of equipment on board. The solution to improve performance in the process of tugboat safety certificate extension at KSOP Class I Balikpapan is by providing evaluation, training to develop skills, in the manual system it is recommended to be changed into an electronic system in order to optimize and streamline time in the payment process, and on the shortcomings on board are given evaluation and training on the importance of sailing safety to reduce the risk of accidents at sea, checking equipment that is almost expired, and conducting regular maintenance.