The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of formal leaders in formal Islamic educational institutions. Formal leaders in formal Islamic education institutions are individuals who give commands or influence subordinates to carry out activities in accordance with established procedures and methods in order to achieve common goals. The method used is library research and content analysis with a qualitative approach. Library research is research carried out by reviewing various journals, books and other relevant references. The research results show that formal leadership in formal Islamic education institutions has a very large role in improving institutional performance in various aspects. There are five dimensions of leadership which include (1) leadership goals, (2) individuals who influence the group (3) individuals who are influenced, (4) interaction processes, and (5) situations where leadership takes place. The most basic types or styles of leadership are authoritarian leadership, democratic leadership and laissez faire leadership. Formal institutions consist of institutions established by the government and non-governmental organizations. Leaders of these institutions are required to have 2 competencies, namely core competencies (soft skills) and technical-knowledge competencies (hard skills). These two competencies are described in levels of proficiency with the lowest level being level 1 and the highest being level 5.
 

This article was written with the aim of identifying spiritual leaders in the development of Islamic education. This research uses a certain type of library research. Reviewing various periodicals and relevant reference volumes is known as library research. The research findings show that spiritual leadership is a strategy to persuade other people to carry out activities in accordance with the ideals and principles taught by the Prophet Muhammad SAW to achieve a certain goal. Spiritual leadership is the process of persuading others to take beneficial actions to achieve certain goals. The Prophet Muhammad is considered an influence in Islam because of his leadership style. Loyalty is one of the main characteristics that characterizes spiritual leadership. In this context, loyalty shows that both leaders and followers must obey Allah SWT in terms of goals, uphold Islamic law and values, maintain integrity, be disciplined, be consistent, and not be arrogant. In Islamic educational institutions, spiritual leadership is implemented through instilling ideals that are focused on both life in this world and the afterlife. To fulfill their responsibilities, madrasah principals and teachers must do more than fulfill their administrative and instructional duties; they must also serve Allah SWT. By emulating the leadership qualities exemplified by the Prophet Muhammad SAW, such as effective communication between the head of the madrasah and its members, the head of the madrasah as a motivator, fairness, honesty, trustworthiness, deliberation, and applying the principles of discipline, madrasahs can also implement spiritual leadership.
 

Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki kekayaan sumber daya alam (SDA) berupa bahan galian yang melimpah, diantaranya emas, perak, tembaga, minyak, gas bumi, batu bara dan lain-lainya . Belakangan ini banyak kegiatan pemanfaatan SDA yang bertentangan dengan asas lingkungan seperti kegiatan pertambangan illegal dengan melakukan usaha pertambangan tanpa didasari dengan kaidah pertambangan yang baik (good mining practice). Sehingga menimbulkan dampak yang merusak dan dapat mengancam kelestarian lingkungan. Pertambangan emas ilegal atau di Indonesia lebih dikenal dengan istilah Pertambangan Emas Tanpa Izin (PETI) juga dikenal dengan istilah “artisanal gold mining” beresiko memberikan acaman terhadap masyarakat. Sehingga hukum sangat berperan dalam mengendalikan pertambangan emas tanpa izin agar terjaganya keseimbangan lingkungan di alam. Kajian ini menggunakan metode pengumpulan pustaka dari penelitian yang relevan mengenai pertambangan emas tanpa izin. Hasil penelaahan ditemukan kegiatan penambangan emas ilegal berdampak signifikan tidak hanya pada kelestarian ekosistem lingkungan, tetapi juga pada mata pencaharian masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitar pertambangan, termasuk risiko kecelakaan, penambangan, dan penyebaran penyakit yang disebabkan oleh pencemaran tanah dan air dengan bahan kimia berbahaya. Untuk mengoptimalkan upaya pemberantasan kegiatan penambangan emas illegal dan menciptakan keadilan bagi masyarakat, maka dapat dilakukan upaya hukum, antara lain dengan memberikan sanksi pidana kepada pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam kegiatan penambangan emas ilegal, sesuai dengan ketentuan yang ada dalam peraturan perundang-undangan.