Fertilizer is an important factor in increasing the growth and yield of chili plants (Capsicum annuum L.). The selection of the right type of fertilizer greatly determines productivity and environmental sustainability in the long term. This study aims to analyze the differences between chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers in chili plant cultivation, including plant growth, yields, and their impact on soil fertility. The method used is a literature review by examining various previous studies that discuss the effectiveness of both types of fertilizers. The results of the analysis show that chemical fertilizers provide faster growth and higher yields in the short term because their nutrients are more easily absorbed by plants. However, excessive use can cause soil degradation, decreased organic matter content, and environmental pollution. In contrast, organic fertilizers work more slowly, but are able to increase soil fertility, improve soil structure, and support the balance of agricultural ecosystems in the long term. The combination of chemical and organic fertilizers has proven to be the best strategy in increasing chili productivity while maintaining soil health. Therefore, balanced fertilization with the right dose is highly recommended to ensure optimal harvest results without damaging the environment.

This study examines the effectiveness of organic fertilizers in improving the quality and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants through a comprehensive literature study. A systematic review was conducted on recent scientific publications that discuss various types of organic fertilizers, including chicken manure, bokashi, organic liquid fertilizer, and eco-enzyme. The research method used a literature study approach by analyzing articles from 2020-2024, focusing on the effectiveness of organic fertilizers in increasing the growth and productivity of cucumber plants.The results showed that organic fertilizers do not merely provide nutrients, but transform as agents of soil ecosystem regeneration. Each type of organic fertilizer has a unique mechanism in influencing plant growth, including increased microbiological activity, optimization of soil structure, and stimulation of the root system. Variations in plant responses depend on genotype, fertilizer composition and environmental conditions. The research resulted in practical recommendations for sustainable organic fertilization strategies, emphasizing the importance of a precision and holistic approach in cucumber crop nutrient management. The findings make a significant contribution in the development of sustainable agriculture.

Abstracts. This research examines the role of genetic technologies in the conservation of threatened marine species with a focus on the effectiveness of methods and the successful application of advanced techniques. The background of this research is driven by the biodiversity crisis affecting marine species, which requires innovative approaches for protection and recovery. The main objective of the study was to evaluate various genetic methods in improving the conservation of threatened species and determine their success in practice. The methods used included an in-depth literature review of genetic techniques, case studies of field applications, and analysis of results obtained from various sources. Findings suggest that genetic methods, such as CRISPR and DNA barcoding techniques, have significant potential to improve the effectiveness of marine species conservation by providing solutions to specific problems related to threatened species. Implications of this research include recommendations for the application of genetic techniques in conservation programs as well as encouragement for further research to address complex conservation challenges. This research contributes to the development of more effective genetics-based conservation strategies, offering practical guidance for future policies and actions.