This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using visual media, specifically flashcards, in enhancing the vocabulary of first-grade students at SDN Wonorejo 3 Surabaya. This topic was chosen due to the importance of vocabulary development in language learning and the need for innovative teaching methods. The research method involved a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental design, collecting data through pretests and posttests on 30 students. The results showed a significant increase in students' vocabulary scores after using flashcards, with the average pretest score of 59.87 rising to 84.47 in the posttest. These findings confirm that flashcards are an effective learning medium for improving students' vocabulary. The conclusion of this study is that the use of visual media like flashcards can significantly enhance vocabulary comprehension, supporting the development of students' communication skills.

From this research, the researcher wants to further develop learning media that uses game media so that it attracts more interest from students at SD Aisyah Surabaya. This research method is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Data source sampling was carried out purposively in grades 4, 5 and 6. This research aims to (1) describe the use of Multiplication House media at Aisyah Elementary School in Surabaya, (2) describe how interested grade 4, 5 and 6 students are in Rumah Multiplication media. Multiplication, (3) describes the obstacles to using Multiplication House media, (4) describes solutions to overcome obstacles experienced by students. The results of the research show the following: (1) the use of the Multiplication House media can attract students' interest in learning mathematics, especially multiplication and provide assistance to students in memorizing multiplication in a fun way, (2) The obstacle to using the Multiplication House media is that students have not yet mastered multiplication. and the use of pawns made of pine so it is less safe, and (3) The solution to the problem of using Multiplication House media is that the role of teachers and parents is needed in guiding students to memorize multiplication and replace pawns with safer media. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the multiplication house media can motivate students to memorize multiplication.

Philosophy plays an important role in shaping meaningful educational systems. Many schools develop curricula without considering philosophy, resulting in meaningless learning for students. This research aims to explain the application of the philosophy of Tut Wuri Handayani in the curriculum of MTs Al-Mardliyyah Pamekasan using a qualitative case study approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, then processed through reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The implementation of the Tut Wuri Handayani philosophy includes honesty, fairness, good moral character, and motivation for students to learn well. Challenges such as laziness, shyness, and pessimism are addressed with strategies of awareness, understanding, and changing students' mindset. The impact is that students develop into better individuals morally, caring for their peers and the environment, and forming productive and adaptive learning processes. In conclusion, the implementation of the philosophy has been successful with positive effects on schools, teachers, and students. This research contributes as a reference for schools to apply philosophical aspects in education and learning.