Regional development is a key strategy for enhancing community welfare. However, the dynamics of growth in each region are shaped by distinct characteristics of rural and urban areas. Rural areas face unique challenges in adapting to changing times, given their economic structures are largely dominated by agriculture and limited infrastructure. In contrast, cities tend to have more diversified economies, supported by industry, services, and better access to education and technology. The socio-economic disparities between rural and urban areas pose a significant challenge in regional development. The quality of life for communities in both regions is often affected by disparities in income, healthcare, education, and employment opportunities. Ongoing modernization and urbanization lead to transformations in social and economic structures in cities and rural areas. A comparative socio-economic analysis of rural and urban areas can provide valuable insights into how these differences impact regional development strategies. This study can also inform policies aimed at achieving balanced development between rural and urban areas, thereby promoting more equitable distribution of community welfare

Indonesia has a very strategic geopolitical position as the largest archipelagic country in the world located at the intersection of two continents and two oceans. This geographical location gives Indonesia an important role in the political, economic, and security dynamics of the Southeast Asian region as well as in the global system. This study aims to analyze Indonesia's geopolitical position and its role in regional relations, especially in the ASEAN region. The method used is qualitative-descriptive with a literature study approach. The results of the study show that Indonesia has great potential as a regional leader through multilateral cooperation, strengthening diplomacy, and the vision of the World Maritime Axis. However, Indonesia also faces challenges such as territorial disputes, pressure from global powers, economic inequality, and environmental issues. Therefore, an adaptive and active foreign policy strategy is needed to strengthen Indonesia's position in the geopolitical chessboard of the region and the world.

Settlement is a basic human need that is closely related to the feasibility of life and well-being. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of settlement patterns that occur in rural and urban areas, and to investigate the factors that influence these patterns. This study collects, analyzes, and synthesizes related literature. The results show that settlement patterns in urban areas are denser and develop vertically, while settlement patterns in rural areas tend to be spread out and horizontal. Various factors, such as natural conditions (such as climate, topography, water and land availability), socio-economic factors (such as employment, education, and income), and government policies and local cultural developments, influence these differences. These results emphasize that understanding settlement patterns as a whole is essential to building areas that are equitable, sustainable, and responsive to community needs.