The Khulafaur Rasyidin era (632–661 CE) was a pivotal period in Islamic history, marked by the leadership of the first four caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. The political thought of this era emphasized principles of justice, consultation (shura), and the application of Islamic law (sharia) in governance. Each caliph adopted distinct approaches to state administration, such as Abu Bakr's emphasis on collective consultation and Umar's establishment of a more bureaucratic governance structure. Despite political and social challenges, including territorial expansions and internal conflicts, the political foundations of the Rashidun Caliphate underscored the importance of just leadership and the unity of the Muslim community. This political philosophy significantly contributed to the development of Islamic governance rooted in justice and sharia.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the "English for Specific Purposes for Meetings" textbook authored by Kenneth Thompson, published by OXFORD University Press, through a descriptive analysis method. Drawing on Tomlinson's theoretical criteria, the evaluation highlights the textbook's alignment with learner needs and its efficacy in fostering engagement and confidence in professional communication settings. Findings indicate that the textbook effectively integrates contemporary topics and diverse learning activities to support authentic language use and active learning. However, a notable area for improvement is the need for outcome feedback opportunities. Overall, while the "English for Meetings" textbook demonstrates substantial effectiveness in addressing learner needs within professional contexts, areas for enhancement exist, suggesting avenues for future research to inform improved language teaching practices for ESP learners.
 

Skin is the outermost part of the body's organs which is very susceptible to being influenced by the environment. Besides environmental factors, behavior and lifestyle could also be the cause of skin diseases. An expert system for diagnosing skin diseases can help patients determine the diagnosis of the disease they are suffering from based on the symptoms they feel more efficiently. This system can also provide early detection to patients so that the disease suffered by them can be treated quickly. This research develops a website-based expert system for diagnosing skin diseases in humans using the Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) method. The expert system in this research was developed using Shiny Package in R Programming with 10 types of disease and 26 symptoms data. The results of this research show that the expert system has been successful in diagnosing human skin diseases.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh aktivitas pemasaran, ukuran perusahaan dan profitabilitas terhadap nilai perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang farmasi dan terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama tahun 2019-2021. Pengujian dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis regresi berganda. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa aktivitas pemasaran berhubungan secara signifikan secara positif terhadap nilai perusahaan. Namun untuk ukuran perusahaan dan profitabilitas tidak memiliki pengaruh secara signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. Sedangkan secara simultan, variabel aktivitas pemasaran, ukuran perusahaan dan profitabilitas memiliki pengaruh secara signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan.  

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis perbandingan kinerja keuangan sebelum dan saat pandemi covid 19 pada perusahaan farmasi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2019 - 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder bersifat kuantitatif yang diperoleh dari Bursa Efek Indonesia. Metode pengambilan sampel penelitian ini dengan purposive sampling. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu paired uji t sample tested dan wilcoxon signed rank test. Dari hasil penelitian tidak terdapat perbedaan baik sebelum dan saat pandemi covid 19 pada rasio DAR, DER, ROA, ROE dan PER. Sedangkan Current Ratio terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan baik sebelum dan saat pandemi covid 19.
 
Kata Kunci: Rasio Solvabilitas, Rasio Profitabilitas, Rasio Pasar, Rasio Likuiditas, Kinerja Perusahaan Sebelum dan Saat Pandemi Covid 19, Perusahaan Farmasi.

The presence of ojek-online in Banyumas Regency turned out to be able to provide satisfaction for its customers, especially in Banyumas Regency. many as ojek-online in the Banyumas Regency and surrounding areas so that very many unemployed and already working residents are now working as ojek-online because in addition to the benefits achieved, it also has its own charm. Although it has received criticism from both the government and conventional ojek, slowly the existence of ojek-online can now be received positively by the wider community in Indonesia, especially in Banyumas Regency, because in addition to the easy ordering method, it also saves time, costs and energy.
The presence of ojek-online turns out to be very helpful for public transportation, especially in certain rural areas where no transportation is available or transportation is available but time is limited, so the presence of ojek-online brings fresh air and bright hope in increasing population mobility in remote areas that are difficult and expensive to transport.