The purpose of this study is to determine the forms of violence against children and how legal protection for children as victims of crime is according to Indonesian criminal law. Legal protection for children is an important issue that requires serious attention from various parties, including the government, society, and family. Children have basic rights that must be protected to ensure they grow and develop properly. This paper discusses the concept of legal protection for children, the legal basis underlying child protection in Indonesia, and the challenges and solutions that can be applied to improve legal protection for children.
 

This research analyzes the ethics of broadcasting advertisements on television media, especially related to  broadcasting time regulations. The significant role of television in shaping people's thoughts and  behaviors, coupled with the proliferation of potentially unethical and inappropriate broadcasts, highlights  the urgency of this issue. Such violations, especially those concerning children and adolescents, pose  significant risks due to exposure to inappropriate content and the normalization of unethical behavior. This  study emphasizes the importance of media commitment to the Broadcasting Behavior Guidelines and  Broadcast Program Standards (P3SPS) and Law No. 32 of 2002, which aims to protect viewers from  harmful information. This study uses a library observation method with a qualitative approach, analyzing  existing reports, research, and written sources. Data analysis uses Miles and Huberman's qualitative  decomposition technique, which includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The  findings of the study are in line with previous studies, indicating that violations of broadcasting ethics and  broadcasting hours are systemic problems that have not been resolved. This underlines the need for stricter  supervision, sanctions, re-evaluation of broadcasting time classifications, and media literacy education for  the community.

This study aims to compare two main theories in modern cosmology, namely the Big Bang Theory and the Steady State Theory, using a descriptive cosmographic approach. This study is motivated by the lack of deep understanding as well as the limited Indonesian literature discussing the fundamental differences between the two theories. By employing a qualitative method through literature review, this research examines the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of each theory based on the latest scientific evidence and cosmographic perspectives. The analysis results show that the Big Bang Theory has strong support from observational evidence, such as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), galaxy redshift, and the distribution of light elements, which reinforces the narrative of the expansion and evolution of the universe. In contrast, the Steady State Theory is considered less relevant due to the absence of observational evidence for the creation of new matter and its inability to explain structure and the dynamics of the universe that are currently observed.

This study aims to examine the potential and challenges of utilizing Solar Power Plants (PLTS) in Medan City, which is geographically located near the equator and receives high exposure to sunlight throughout the year. The method used is a literature review with a narrative review approach that analyzes secondary data from various journals and relevant scientific articles. The results of the study show that Medan City has an average annual horizontal global solar radiation intensity of 463.61 W/m², with the potential for electrical power that can be generated from rooftop solar panels reaching 748.57 MW (monocrystalline), 598.85 MW (polycrystalline), and 299.43 MW (thin film). This potential is comparable to the capacity of large-scale power plants. The use of PLTS contributes to reducing carbon emissions, increasing energy security, creating jobs, and developing the local economy. However, challenges such as high installation costs, limited suitability of roof structures, and low public awareness are still major obstacles in the implementation of this technology. Therefore, synergy is needed between government policies, public education, and technological innovation to optimize the use of solar energy in urban areas such as Medan.

Poverty is a multidimensional problem that is not only related to economic aspects, but also social, cultural, and political, which affects the welfare of poor families. The Family Hope Program (PKH) in Makassar City is designed as a conditional social assistance program that aims to improve the welfare of poor families through the provision of financial assistance and increased access to basic services. This study aims to explore the role of social companions in building trust, factors that affect the participation of poor families, and obstacles in the implementation of PKH. The method used was descriptive qualitative with subjects of 10 beneficiary families and 3 social companions, data was collected through semi-structured interviews and participatory observations, then analyzed thematically using an inductive approach. The results of the study show that social companions play a crucial role as communication mediators who build trust through an empathetic and familial approach, which strengthens the sense of belonging to the program. Family participation is influenced by social capital, local cultural norms, education levels, as well as bureaucratic constraints and access to services. Barriers such as social stigma, complicated bureaucracy, and limited companion training hinder the effectiveness of the program. Habermas's theory of communicative action and Durkheim's social solidarity support the finding that open dialogue and harmonious relationships between companions and families are key to successful social empowerment. It was concluded that strengthening the capacity of companions, simplifying bureaucracy, and increasing participatory dialogue spaces are needed to increase the effectiveness and sustainability of PKH in Makassar.

Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) abroad often face various social, legal, and cultural challenges that can increase their vulnerability in everyday life. One effort to minimize these vulnerabilities is through the establishment of regional community organizations as a platform for solidarity, advocacy, and cultural identity preservation. This community service activity aims to assist in the formation of the Ikatan Warga Ponorogo di Hong Kong (IWPH) — an association of PMI from Ponorogo working in Hong Kong. The methods employed include community needs assessment, facilitation of organizational meetings, formulation of organizational statutes and bylaws, and basic community-based advocacy training. The results of this activity showed high enthusiasm among PMI from Ponorogo to participate in this community as a forum for sharing information, social protection, and preserving regional cultural traditions abroad. Moreover, IWPH has begun to actively voice issues faced by PMI, such as overcharging, gender-based violence, and unclear employment contracts. The establishment of IWPH is expected to serve as a model for strengthening social networks and advocacy based on regional community groups, enhancing the bargaining power of Indonesian migrant workers abroad. This activity also reflects the contribution of higher education institutions in supporting the protection and empowerment of Indonesian migrant workers in various destination countries.

Traditional markets are characterized by fast-paced and diverse transactions, necessitating a reliable product monitoring system to enhance the efficiency of stock management and transactions. This study develops a monitoring system based on a loadcell sensor and a TCS230 color sensor to automatically classify product weight and type. The loadcell is used to measure product weight with high accuracy, while the TCS230 detects the color characteristics of products to distinguish between different types of commodities, such as various varieties of chili peppers. The development process includes sensor calibration, dataset collection, and the training and evaluation of a classification model. Experimental results show that the classification accuracy exceeds 90%, demonstrating the effectiveness of combining weight and color data for market product recognition.

This article discusses the maintenance of Family Medicinal Plants (TOGA) in Mata Wawatu Village as an effort to improve public health. The aim of this program is to provide information to the public regarding the benefits and cultivation techniques of medicinal plants. The methods employed include qualitative research with a descriptive approach, encompassing observations, interviews, and documentation collection. The findings of this study indicate that this initiative has successfully enhanced the community's understanding of TOGA and encouraged them to utilize medicinal plants in their daily lives. This program is expected to improve the health and well-being of the community and reduce dependence on chemical medications

Assembling a personal computer and installing the Windows operating system are important activities in mastering information technology. This research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the computer assembly process and operating system installation. The methods used include a Research and Development (R&D) approach, hands-on practice, and question-and-answer sessions. The research results show that systematic assembly steps and proper installation can produce a well-functioning computer. In addition, initial testing after assembly is crucial to ensure that all devices are detected correctly. It is hoped that this research can serve as a reference for information technology education and enhance students' practical skills in the field of computers.

The proliferation of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has transformed manufacturing, energy, and logistics, generating vast amounts of data that demand efficient processing solutions. Edge and cloud computing have emerged as two main architectures that can support IIoT applications by addressing latency, bandwidth, and computational challenges. This study presents a comparative analysis of edge and cloud computing architectures in the context of industrial IoT, focusing on performance, scalability, security, and cost. By analyzing case studies from manufacturing, logistics, and energy sectors, we identify the strengths and limitations of each approach, providing recommendations for selecting optimal architectures based on application needs.