Fruit flies remain a persistent threat to horticultural production, especially in tropical regions where seasonal shifts can significantly affect their population dynamics. This study investigated the species composition, diversity, and environmental drivers of fruit fly populations infesting Capsicum annuum and Solanum lycopersicum over a one-year period in Batu City, Indonesia. Using weekly sampling across four seasonal phases—dry-to-rainy transition, rainy season, rainy-to-dry transition, and dry season—fruit fly specimens were collected, reared, and identified. Environmental variables, including temperature, humidity, rainfall, light intensity, and pesticide application frequency, were monitored and analyzed in relation to fruit fly abundance using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression. A total of four species were recorded: Bactrocera carambolae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Atherigona sp, and Silba sp, with the latter representing a new regional record for East Java. Population peaks occurred during the rainy season and its transitional periods, while significant declines were observed during the dry months. Regression models revealed that temperature and humidity supported population growth, whereas pesticide use had a consistently suppressive effect—particularly for B. dorsalis and Atherigona sp. However, the models explained only 20–50% of the variation, suggesting that additional ecological factors may be at play. These findings deepen our understanding of fruit fly ecology in tropical systems and highlight the importance of integrating climatic and agronomic data in pest management strategies. The discovery of Silba sp. further enriches current biogeographical knowledge and signals the need for adaptive, interdisciplinary approaches to sustainable pest control.

Renewable energy systems, particularly those incorporating solar and wind power, are prone to stability issues due to the intermittent and fluctuating nature of these energy sources. This paper investigates several nonlinear control techniques—namely, adaptive control, sliding mode control, and fuzzy logic control—that are designed to improve stability in renewable energy systems. Through simulations, we demonstrate how these methods can effectively reduce fluctuations and maintain stable energy output, offering a robust approach to enhancing the reliability of renewable energy systems.

Conflict is a complex social phenomenon and generally involves confrontation or dispute between individuals, groups, or countries. This article summarizes the sources, symptoms, and causes of conflict. Sources of conflict are often related to differences in values, beliefs, competition over resources, social inequality, and power politics. Symptoms of conflict include tension, violence, restrictions on freedom, and refugees. Causes of conflict can be triggered by differences in views, injustice, political instability, economic problems, discrimination, and political polarization. A deep understanding of the sources, symptoms and causes of conflict is important for effective prevention and resolution. One of the problems that often arises during change in an organization is conflict between members or between groups. One of the causes of conflict is resistance to change. .Conflict must not only be accepted and managed well, but must also be encouraged, because conflict is a force to bring about change and progress in institutions. Conflicts that occur in an organization due to human behavior as human resources will influence the effectiveness of the organization, therefore, every conflict that occurs is expected to be resolved through conflict management.