Mycobacterium Bovis is a serious infection that affects cattle and has ramifications for human health, especially in areas where close contact between humans and animals is widespread and pasteurization of dairy products is not widely used. The purpose of this work is to identify risk factors connected with M. bovis infection, estimate the prevalence of the disease in east Darfur State, and underline the main aspects of the disease. The study included a total sample size of 100 cows milk collected from different localities of East Darfur State in Sudan ( Abu Matarq 21.1%, Yaseen 15.3%,El-Daein 22.1%, Abu Karinka 6.8% and Assalaya 5.1% ) this study estimated that 25% of the collected raw milk specimen was positive for mycobacterium. The incidence of Mycobacterium Bovis in Sudan is the result of a complex interaction of cattle management techniques, environmental conditions, and public health initiatives. While there is increased knowledge of the disease and efforts to control it, obstacles such as limited resources, cultural customs, and environmental stressors continue to impact its tendencies.
 

Objective: To assess the differences in buccal cytology changes caused by hormone therapy in Sudanese women with breast and endometrial malignancies by comparing wet fixed and air dry H&E stained buccal smear samples.  Method: The eight-month study period ran from October 2015 to May 2016. The practical inquiry began in November 2015, and during that time, data gathering, a literature review, and research script typing were completed. One hundred participants had buccal smear samples taken, and these were ready for H&E staining using a wet and dry procedure on women receiving hormone medication. Results: The wet method produced buccal smears with pathology that was 56% malignant, 34% inflammatory, and 10% normal; the dry method produced identical results. The wet method produced excellent (40%), very well (28%), well (20%), acceptable (8%) and bad (4%) affinity, which was in line with the results of the dry method. There were no appreciable variations in the pathology and affinity of the wet and dry-prepared buccal smears (P = 0.14 and 0.0011 > 0.05). The cancerous The pathology of wet and dry buccal smears was reported in 7.7%, 47.1%, and 95% of the smears obtained from patients who had been on hormonal therapy for less than three years, three to nine years, and more than nine years, respectively. Wet and dry smears were reported in 20%, 21.1%, and 88.5% of the smears obtained from patients who had been on hormonal therapy once, twice, or three times a day, respectively. Conclusion: The pathology of the buccal smears showed significant differences based on the frequency and duration of hormone therapy.

One of the major causes of death in the globe is cancer. According to estimates, the number of people affected by cancer worldwide will continue to rise, reaching 21.4 million new cases and 13.2 million deaths by 2030.This study was carried out in the Sudanese state of East Darfur and it is a retrospective in nature. Clinical and Public Health Laboratory provided results, were collected, gathered then analyzed. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 was used evaluate demographic data and tumor cases. show that 87.3% of patients who were affected by were females, while only 12.7% of patients were males show that 15.87% of patients whom affected were 33 years old, followed by 9.52% their age were 34 and 45 years old endometritis accounted for (19.05% ) of the abnormalities that affected the patients, followed by ovaries (14.29%), endometrial polyps (12.70%), Breast masses (7.94%), chronic endometritis, prostatic hyperplasia The data on the present status of the most common benign and malignant tumors in Sudan and the neighboring areas is scarce. There is a complex interaction between the impact of infectious agents, genetics and environmental risk factors on the risk of development of most of these tumors.