The purpose of this paper is to analyse the similarities and differences in the perspectives of various institutions in Kuningan and Jakarta and examine these views from a human rights perspective. The background of this study is the issue of legal uncertainty surrounding interfaith marriages. On one hand, it is prohibited, and the other hand it is permitted but made difficult. This research is significant as it addresses the phenomenon of interfaith marriages, which the Indonesian government has ambiguously responded to. On one hand, such marriages are permitted but made excessively difficult; on the other hand, they are prohibited but ultimately recognized. This paper employs a sociological-juridical research methodology with a comparative approach. Fieldwork was conducted in two cities, Kuningan and Jakarta, using interviews with interfaith couples and officials from local RAO, CRSO, RC, and DC. The novelty of this paper lies in its identification of human rights violations based on empirical evidence. The comparative findings from the two cities reveal that the current legal framework governing marriage in Indonesia fails to reflect certainty and justice. Furthermore, interfaith marriage remains a significant and unresolved issue in the country.

The purpose is to discover the essence of Friday Prayer for women and provide several views regarding the right to worship for women. The background of this paper is based on the differences of views regarding Friday Prayer for women. These differences lead society to divisions that must be immediately prevented because possible to trigger various actions contrary to the law from certain groups who do not understand the essence of the problem. This paper is normative juridical research using an interdisciplinary approach. Field research is only a complement to support research results. The novelty of this paper presents different research on the substance of Friday Prayer considered essential but received less attention from the public and most researchers, namely Friday Prayer “for women”. The results show that the essence of Friday Prayer for women is sunnah (permitted/not prohibited), based on Surah Al-Jumu’ah verse 9 and hadiths that exclude the obligation of Friday Prayer for women. Besides that, the action that is committed by women to perform Friday Prayer is guaranteed by law. If someone prohibits or forces women to perform or not to perform Friday Prayer, that person has violated someone’s right and the law.

This paper aims to examine the differences in interpretation in determining the ahlul kitab women and examine the facts that occur in society and the law on marrying ahlul kitab women in Indonesia. Interfaith marriages by Muslims become polemics in Indonesia due to the strengthening of the notion of prohibition of interfaith marriages. However, this assumption is not fully believed considering that the Qur'an regulates the permissibility of marriages by Muslim men with ahlul kitab women. This paper uses a normative juridical research method with an interdisciplinary approach because it uses perspective from other scientific disciplines to support the discussion which still use the law as a standpoint. The result shows, first, there is no agreement between Islamic scholars and jurists in determining the ahlul kitab women. Second, even though the facts in society show that interfaith marriages by Muslim men are common, the law on marrying ahlul kitab women in Indonesia is still prohibited. So, this paper suggest that a decision should be agreed upon by the Islamic scholars and jurists in Indonesia to interpret the ahlul kitab women. Besides, in making provisions related to marrying ahlul kitab, the government should not strictly and decisively prohibit it, it has to comply with the provisions stipulated in Al-Qur'an Surah Al-Maidah verse 5. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perbedaan penafsiran dalam menentukan wanita ahlul kitab, dan mengkaji fakta yang terjadi di masyarakat serta hukum menikahii wanita ahlul kitab di Indonesia. Perkawinan beda agama yang melibatkan pihak yang beragama Islam sering menjadi polemik di Indonesia karena menguatnya anggapan larangan terhadap perkawinan beda agama. Namun, anggapan ini nyatanya tidak diyakini sepenuhnya mengingat dalam Al-Qur’an pun diatur mengenai kebolehan perkawinan yang dilangsungkan oleh pria Muslim dengan wanita ahlul kitab. Tulisan ini disusun menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan interdisipliner karena menggunakan sudut pandang beberapa cabang ilmu untuk mendukung materi bahasan dengan titik berdiri dari sudut pandang hukum. Dari hasil penelitian, pertama, belum ada kesepakatan dari para ulama dan ahli hukum Islam dalam menentukan golongan wanita mana yang termasuk ahlul kitab. Kedua, meskipun fakta di masyarakat menunjukkan bahwa perkawinan beda agama yang melibatkan pria Muslim banyak terjadi, hukum menikahi wanita ahlul kitab di Indonesia tetap dilarang. Maka, tulisan ini menyarankan harus ada keputusan yang disepakati oleh para ulama dan ahli hukum Islam di Indonesia mengenai tafsiran golongan-golongan wanita ahlul kitab. Selain itu, dalam membuat ketentuan terkait menikahi ahlul kitab, pemerintah sebaiknya tidak melarang secara keras dan tegas melainkan harus menyesuaikan dengan ketentuan yang sudah diatur di Al-Qur’an Surat Al-Maidah ayat 5.