The implementation of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) regulations in Indonesia is still in its developmental stage and faces several challenges in enforcement and compliance. Compared to developed countries, Indonesia's ESG framework lacks strong incentives and adequate regulatory oversight, leading to inconsistencies in corporate adherence. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of ESG regulations in Indonesia from a legal perspective and evaluate their impact on corporate compliance. A normative juridical approach was used, supplemented by case studies of companies that have implemented ESG principles. Data were collected through document analysis of regulatory frameworks, sustainability reports, and interviews with key stakeholders. The findings indicate that while the number of companies adopting ESG practices has increased significantly from 45 in 2018 to 675 in 2023, only 38% fully comply with ESG standards. Moreover, statistical analysis reveals a strong correlation (r = 0.78, p < 0.05) between regulatory strictness and corporate adherence. Weak enforcement mechanisms and the voluntary nature of ESG reporting remain major obstacles to effective implementation. The study also highlights that firms integrating ESG principles tend to attract more investment and demonstrate better financial stability. The findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on ESG regulation by emphasizing the need for policy reforms, including stricter enforcement, standardized reporting mechanisms, and economic incentives to enhance compliance. This research provides a foundation for future comparative studies on ESG regulation and suggests integrating technology-based monitoring tools such as blockchain and artificial intelligence to improve corporate accountability and sustainability practices.

The increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in decision-making processes has raised significant concerns regarding algorithmic bias and legal accountability. This study examines the regulatory challenges and enforcement gaps in addressing AI bias, with a particular focus on Indonesia’s legal landscape. Through a comparative analysis of AI governance frameworks in the European Union, the United States, China, and Indonesia, this research identifies key deficiencies in Indonesia’s regulatory approach. Unlike the EU’s AI Act, which incorporates risk-based classification and strict compliance measures, Indonesia lacks a dedicated AI legal framework, leading to limited enforcement mechanisms and unclear liability provisions.The findings highlight that transparency mandates alone are insufficient in mitigating algorithmic discrimination, as weak enforcement structures hinder effective regulatory oversight. Furthermore, the study challenges the notion that global AI regulatory harmonization is universally applicable, emphasizing the need for a context-sensitive hybrid model tailored to Indonesia’s socio-legal environment. The research suggests that Indonesia must adopt a comprehensive AI legal framework, strengthen regulatory institutions, and promote interdisciplinary collaboration between legal experts and AI developers. Future research should focus on empirical case studies, the development of context-specific AI accountability models, and the role of public engagement in AI bias mitigation. These efforts will be essential in shaping effective AI governance strategies that ensure fairness, transparency, and accountability in Indonesia’s digital transformation.

This study explores the effectiveness of digital mediation in resolving civil disputes within Indonesia’s judiciary system, particularly in the era of rapid technological advancement. The growing backlog of cases and the high costs of litigation have emphasized the need for more efficient and accessible dispute resolution methods. Digital mediation emerges as a promising alternative, leveraging technology to bridge geographical barriers and reduce procedural delays. The study aims to analyze the factors influencing the success of digital mediation and identify challenges that hinder its implementation. Using a qualitative approach, this research collected primary data through in-depth interviews with mediators, disputing parties, and judicial policymakers. Secondary data were gathered from official court reports and relevant literature. The analysis involved thematic coding and interpretation of data to uncover patterns and insights. Case studies from urban, semi-urban, and rural courts provided a comprehensive understanding of the varying success rates of digital mediation. The findings reveal that mediator training in technology significantly enhances the success rate of digital mediation, particularly in urban areas with better digital infrastructure. However, rural areas face challenges such as limited internet access and low digital literacy, which impede the effectiveness of the mediation process. The study also highlights the importance of integrating judicial systems with digital mediation platforms and revising regulatory frameworks to ensure consistent implementation. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of digital mediation and offers practical implications for policymakers. It underscores the need for targeted training programs for mediators and investments in digital infrastructure to promote equitable access. The findings provide a roadmap for improving digital mediation practices and suggest further exploration of user experiences and longitudinal impacts. By addressing existing challenges, digital mediation can become a cornerstone of Indonesia’s civil dispute resolution in the digital age.

The death penalty remains one of the most contentious policies in addressing narcotics crimes in Indonesia. While implemented as a stringent measure to combat drug trafficking, the policy often sparks debates regarding its effectiveness and implications for human rights. This study aims to analyze public perceptions of the death penalty policy for narcotics-related offenses, focusing on how demographic factors such as age, education, and residence influence public support. Using a quantitative approach, this research employed a nationwide survey involving 1,500 respondents selected through stratified random sampling. Data collection combined online and offline methods to ensure broad representation. The findings reveal significant demographic variations in support for the death penalty. Younger and middle-aged respondents (25–40 years old) showed the highest levels of support (70%), particularly in urban areas (70%) compared to rural areas (55%). Educational attainment also influenced perspectives, with higher education levels correlating with increased support for the policy. The study concludes that public perceptions of the death penalty are shaped significantly by demographic and socio-cultural factors. These findings underscore the need for targeted communication strategies to address varying public concerns, particularly in rural areas where access to information may be limited. The research contributes to policy discussions by providing empirical insights into public opinion on this controversial issue. It recommends integrating public education campaigns and alternative rehabilitative measures to enhance public understanding and acceptance of narcotics policies. By grounding policy development in evidence-based research, this study aims to support more equitable and effective approaches to addressing drug-related crimes in Indonesia

The digital era has significantly increased the complexity of cross-border crimes, particularly cybercrime, which poses substantial challenges for countries, including Indonesia. With a reported rise in cross-border cybercrime incidents of over 50% in the last five years, Indonesia faces critical legal and technical hurdles in combating such threats. This study explores the rights and obligations of states in addressing cross-border cybercrime, focusing on comparing Indonesia's legal framework with international standards, specifically the Budapest Convention. Employing a normative analytical method, this research examines international and national legal documents to identify gaps and evaluate the alignment of Indonesia's cybercrime regulations with global standards. Key findings reveal that Indonesia's cybercrime policies lack mandatory international cooperation mechanisms and are limited to national jurisdiction, which restricts the country’s ability to effectively address cybercrimes involving foreign perpetrators. In contrast, the Budapest Convention emphasizes structured international collaboration, robust privacy protections, and flexible jurisdictional arrangements, providing a comprehensive framework for managing transnational cyber threats. The study concludes that harmonizing Indonesia’s regulations with international standards, such as the Budapest Convention, is essential for improving the nation's capacity to combat cross-border cybercrime. Recommendations include enhancing legal frameworks to mandate international cooperation, establishing specialized units within law enforcement agencies equipped with advanced digital forensic tools, and strengthening privacy protections to align with global norms. This research contributes to the discourse on international cybercrime management by offering practical strategies to bridge regulatory gaps and bolster Indonesia’s position in global cybersecurity collaborations. The findings underscore the urgency for policy reform to address the evolving challenges of digital threats in an interconnected world.

Bullying behavior or actions that occur among adolescents have a negative impact on victims and society. Teenagers tend to behave aggressively by bullying others, so that the victim is very intimidated, even greatly affecting the victim's physical and psychological health. The lack of awareness of students, parents, teachers and even the community makes this bullying action increase, so it is necessary to conduct socialization to increase anti-bullying awareness by applying the Pancasila student profile. The targets in this socialization activity are students, parents, teachers and the community in Sukorejo Village, Pemalang Regency. The purpose of this socialization activity is to provide understanding and legal knowledge about anti-bullying awareness, especially among adolescents or students, given the emotional development that affects attitudes and actions in a more aggressive direction. This socialization activity uses an approach method by involving the audience by interacting through discussion and question and answer, which is then evaluated for feedback from the audience, and analyzed in the form of a journal so that it can be useful and for learning for the wider community.