Discipline in education is necessary for students to understand moral and social boundaries. The practice of disciplining (corporal punishment) against students is still debatable. Some people consider it a form of violence against children that contradicts the principles of child protection in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection. A dilemma arises regarding the limits of the teacher's authority in disciplining students and whether these actions can be categorized as criminal acts or are still included in the realm of education. Article 14 of Law No. 14/2005 on Teachers and Lecturers states that teachers have the right to impose sanctions on students who violate norms, rules, and academic ethics. This research is normative research. The results of this research are: (1) The provision of corporal punishment by teachers against students who violate religious norms, norms of decency, norms of politeness, written and unwritten rules set by teachers in the learning process cannot be categorized as acts against criminal law if the corporal punishment carried out by the teacher does not exceed the limits of reasonableness or punishment that is educational in nature in accordance with the teacher's code of ethics. (2) The application of mediation as a form of protection for teachers regulated in Article 4 paragraph 2 of Permendikbud Number 10 of 2017, where mediation is a form of implementation of restorative justice values creating a space for peaceful problem solving that considers the interests of students, teachers and students. The application of mediation as a form of protection for teachers regulated in Article 4 paragraph 2 of Permendikbud Number 10 of 2017, where mediation is a form of implementation of restorative justice values creating a space for peaceful problem solving that considers the interests of students, teachers, and the school community.

Narcotics are substances that cause certain effects for those who use them and put them into their bodies. Along with the development of the times, the types of drugs are increasing and have various variations. One example of a new type of drug is gorilla tobacco. Criminal Law Policy Against New Types of Narcotics Abuse. This study uses a normative juridical research type with a Philosophical approach, Criminal Law Political Approach, legislation, case approach and examines the contents of various legal sources, both books, journals and other related legal sources to answer the aspects that are the focus of the research. The results of this study indicate that in 2022 31,420 incidents were caused by an increase in the abuse of new types of narcotics (New Psychoactive Substances) which in previous years were not registered in the appendix to Law Number 35 of 2009, this caused a Legal Vacuum regarding the New Type of Narcotics. In addition, the author also analyzes the law enforcement against new types of narcotics (gorilla tobacco) in a review of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and the form of criminal responsibility carried out by perpetrators of gorilla tobacco abuse in the decision of the District Court Number 32/Pid.sus/2021/PN Rtg.

Fishing using toxic hazardous materials is a criminal offense of "illegal fishing", which violates the provisions of Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries. This was also carried out by the Defendant with the initials JLLF based on the Decision of the Kupang District Court Class 1A with case number: 239/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Kpg. This research is a normative juridical research, so the data sources used are primary data sources, secondary data, and tertiary data. Primary data is obtained from several legal rules such as the Criminal Code (Criminal Code), Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries and Court Decisions, secondary data is obtained from libraries, journals, and the internet, and tertiary data is obtained from dictionaries, wikipedia, and encyclopedias. The data were analyzed in a descriptive-qualitative manner. The results of this study show that (1) Criminal liability for fishing perpetrators using toxic hazardous materials in Article 84 paragraph (1) of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 45 of 2009 concerning Amendments to Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries is in accordance with the elements contained in the formulation of the article. (2) Basis for Judge's Consideration in the Request for Criminal Liability for the Crime of Fishing with Toxic Hazardous Materials in Decision Number: 239/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Kpg. Judging from the elements contained in the articles of indictment as well as aggravating and mitigating matters.

The purpose of this study is the obstacles to law enforcement against perpetrators of criminal acts of theft of cultural heritage objects in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. This research is an empirical juridical research that examines a legal event that occurs through a statute cause approach. Data collection is carried out with two events, namely interviews and document studies. The data obtained is then presented descriptively qualitative. The results showed that the obstacles experienced by the community and law enforcement officials are: the absence of reports to the police and coordination with other stakeholders; the caretaker's mistake in understanding evidence; stakeholders who observe cultural heritage have not functioned optimally; and there is no PPNS cultural heritage in NTT. Prevention efforts taken in the form of prevention include: organizing cultural heritage promotion and counseling campaigns; providing training or technical guidance to all cultural heritage caretakers in NTT; the government supports the presence of the Cultural Preservation Agency (BPK); and collaborating with stakeholders. Law enforcement against criminal acts of theft of cultural heritage objects is still not optimal. Therefore, suggestions for the results of this study are the socialization of cultural heritage protection and cultural heritage laws comprehensively.  All stakeholders must be more adaptive and responsive. BPK needs to cooperate with local governments and related institutions to draft a special regulation or law governing the establishment of a special agency for the supervision of cultural heritage sites. Make a government regulation regarding the establishment of a special cultural heritage police.     

Conflicts between humans and wild crocodiles still occur frequently in East Nusa Tenggara. Conflicts often occur with residents who live on coastlines and river estuaries, where most of the population earn their living as fishermen and farmers. The objectives of this research are: (1) Want to know the form of legal protection for people who are attacked by crocodiles in crocodile habitats. (2) Want to know the pattern of conflict management between humans and crocodiles in their habitat. This research is a type of empirical juridical research, or what is called field research, namely examining applicable legal provisions and what happens in reality in society. Empirical juridical research is legal research regarding the application or implementation of normative legal provisions in action in every legal event that occurs in society. The results of this research show: (1) Legal protection that protects every human right that is attacked by a crocodile has been clearly regulated in law number 5 of 1990, government regulation number 7 of 199 9, government regulation number 13 of 1994, and ministerial regulations forestry number P.08 of 2008. (2) Efforts to overcome conflict between crocodiles and humans have been carried out by establishing a SATGAS or task force for dealing with conflict between humans and wild animals and consists of two units, where one unit is tasked with dealing with the community and the other unit tasked with dealing with wild animals. There are also several government agencies in it to respond to reports quickly and handle them according to SOPs or standard operational procedures for handling conflicts between humans and wild crocodiles which serve as standard guidelines for handling conflicts reported by the public. As well as efforts from the government, there have also been short-term efforts such as outreach and long-term efforts such as conducting more in-depth research on crocodiles. Based on the results of this research, it is hoped that there will be awareness from all components, both society and government, so as not to excessively convert land so that it destroys the natural habitat of crocodiles and causes crocodiles to escape into public areas.