Healthcare services for vulnerable age groups are often neglected due to pragmatic considerations. However, in national development, distributive justice and inclusivity must be promoted to help create a society that supports each other and is capable of achieving shared prosperity. This research focuses on a critical analysis of the efforts to fulfill the right to healthcare services for vulnerable age groups, employing a normative-juridical research model with measurement tools based on the principles of justice, legal certainty, and utility. The findings indicate that there is still a lack of detailed and inclusive provisions for vulnerable age groups, which do not yet meet the principles of justice, legal certainty, and utility.

The percentage of elderly people (seniors) in Indonesia is expected to continue to increase due to various factors, such as declining birth rates and improved life expectancy. Under these circumstances, the integration of seniors in development is crucial. Elderly individuals often experience health-related issues, and ideally, the state should be present to provide adequate health services for them. However, based on the research conducted, there are still many shortcomings in the legal framework to ensure the health and well-being of the elderly. Moreover, the de facto dissolution of the National Commission for the Elderly has created a gap in the entity directly responsible for advocating the development of a healthcare system for seniors. This study was conducted using the normative juridical method, with the main finding that legal reform is necessary to ensure that the current legal product, namely Law No. 13 of 1998 on Elderly Welfare, can be updated and Law No. 17 of 2023 should be revised to ensure better health and welfare for the elderly.

Health services are a critical aspect that requires coordination and cooperation from various parties, including patients, families, communities and medical personnel. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the rights and obligations of patients, families, communities and medical personnel in disaster health services. The method used is literature study. Google and Google Schoolar are used as the main sources of the database used from 2020 to 2024 to extract research via publish or perish software. From the research that has been conducted, disaster health services are a very complex and challenging aspect of the health system, which requires a multi-disciplinary and collaborative approach. A deep understanding of the rights and obligations of patients, families, communities and medical personnel is a strong basis for building a health care system that is fair, effective and sustainable. Cooperation between governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, local communities and individuals is essential to ensure that disaster response and recovery efforts can be carried out in a coordinated and effective manner. The development of supportive policies and regulations, as well as adequate funding, are also critical to strengthening disaster health services.

In carrying out their duties, general practitioners have limitations both in terms of knowledge and medical facilities they possess. Furthermore, based on the Omnibus Health Law 2023, there are regulations that govern general practitioners regarding the medical procedures they can and cannot perform. Several articles that regulate referral issues are Article 19, Article 32, Article 189, and Article 360. Meanwhile, the regulation regarding specialist doctors is listed in Articles 233-235. However, it is important to emphasize that the authority of specialist doctors and general practitioners is not directly regulated in the Omnibus Law. Thus, the study that can be conducted is an interpretative study that compares it simultaneously with similar legal products. Other references that can be used are Presidential Regulation no. 31 of 2019 and Minister of Health Regulation no. 36 of 2019. Based on a comparative study and judicial analysis of the Omnibus Health Law 2023, specialist doctors have their own independence, and therefore, if they delegate authority to general practitioners, it is guaranteed by the law, including the Omnibus Health Law 2023, especially because the Omnibus Health Law 2023 opens up flexibility for specialist doctors to practice. If delegation occurs, general practitioners can be legally protected as long as the basis for this delegation is emergency for patient safety, secondly is the delegation of authority to ensure patient safety, and thirdly is part of the education for specialist doctors. Although not explicitly stated, these implications are strongly implied in the articles mentioned in the Omnibus Health Law. Nevertheless, there are certain limits that specialist doctors must follow to ensure that patients' rights are well protected, and in the future, there needs to be a strengthening of regulations so that both general practitioners and specialist doctors do not face criminalization.