This study addresses the legal responsibility of carriers for the loss or damage of goods during road transportation, as stipulated in Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Traffic and Road Transportation (UU LLAJ). Article 193 of UU LLAJ obliges carriers to provide compensation for any loss incurred during transportation, except in cases of force majeure or third-party negligence. The study also explores the application of breach of contract (wanprestasi) and strict liability principles as the legal foundation for carrier accountability. However, the practical implementation of these regulations often faces challenges, including unclear contractual clauses on liability, difficulties in proving carrier negligence, and slow or inefficient dispute resolution mechanisms. To address these issues, the study proposes strategic measures such as regulatory revisions to clarify carrier liability boundaries, the establishment of standardized transportation contracts, enhanced legal education for stakeholders, strengthened non-litigation mechanisms like mediation and the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency (BPSK), and the optimization of insurance to mitigate risks. These recommendations aim to foster a more efficient, reliable, and legally protective transportation system for all stakeholders involved.

Immigration is related to the traffic of people entering or leaving Indonesian territory and its supervision to maintain state sovereignty. Immigration functions include providing immigration services, law enforcement, and maintaining the security and comfort of the country, while contributing to the development of community welfare. With the increase in crimes involving fake identities or misuse of other people's identities, immigration must be stricter in checking travel documents used by Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals when entering and leaving Indonesian territory. Therefore, immigration introduced a new passport design and implemented the use of electronic passports. The research method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The research results show that changes in passport design can increase state sovereignty and security, because the new design is difficult to imitate. This can be seen from the materials used in making the new passports as well as the designs that highlight elements of Indonesian culture. Applying for an electronic passport does require higher costs than a regular passport, but offers advantages that conventional passports do not have, including a better level of security. Using an electronic passport also makes it easier for the holder to undergo immigration service administration because this passport uses a biometric system that only needs to be scanned.