This article aims to observe the effect of hypertonic sucrose solution concentration on plasmolysis of epidermal cells of Rhoeo discolor leaves. Plasmolysis occurs when plant cells lose air due to the surrounding hypertonic solution, which causes the cytoplasm to shrink and the plasma membrane to detach from the cell wall. In this experiment, Rhoeo discolor leaves were immersed in sucrose solutions with different concentrations (0.14 M to 0.26 M) for 30 minutes, and the percentage of plasmolyzed cells was calculated. The results showed that the higher the sucrose concentration, the more cells underwent plasmolysis. At low concentrations (0.14 M and 0.16 M), plasmolysis occurred at a small percentage (1.77% to 7.25%), while at high concentrations (0.24 M to 0.26 M), the percentage of plasmolyzed cells increased significantly, reaching 3.03% at a concentration of 0.26 M at the 30th minute. In addition, prolonging the immersion time to 30 minutes caused a decrease in the number of plasmolyzed cells, indicating that osmotic equilibrium was reached after a certain time. Overall, this study confirms that hypertonic environmental concentration has a direct effect on plant cell plasmolysis, with the intensity increasing with higher environmental concentrations.

Seed plants (Spermatophyta) are a group of plants with a very high level of diversity and are widely distributed throughout the world. This group of plants is known as higher plants or Phanerogamae, namely plants that have seeds and reproduce sexually. Spermatophyta can be divided into two main groups, namely Gymnospermae or plants that have characteristics of open seeds and Angiospermae or plants that have characteristics of closed seeds. Research on the structure of internal reproductive organs of seed plants was carried out at the Instructional Laboratory 1 on Campus I UIN SGD Bandung, Cipadung Village, Cibiru District, Bandung City, West Java Province. Qualitative methods were used in this study by conducting direct observations on the objects being observed. This study aims to see and observe how the reproductive structure is in seed plants. Based on data from observations made on paper flowers (Bougainvillea), the flower has no petals, 3 crowns attached to 27 stamens, and 4 pistils with the flower formula K0 [C3 A27] G4. Meanwhile, in the study of lilies (Crinum jagus) have 5 petals, 6 crowns attached to 6 stamens, and 1 pistil with a flower formula of K5 [C6 A6 ] G1.

Vegetative propagation is an effective method for producing high quality plant seeds with similar characteristics to the parent plant. Techniques such as grafting and grafting are used to accelerate growth and increase plant resistance to pests and diseases. The advantages of this method compared to generative propagation include a faster fruiting period and consistency in the aroma and taste of the fruit. This research also highlights the importance of genetic compatibility between rootstock and scion and the use of phytohormones in the success of vegetative propagation techniques. The results show that both techniques can increase plant productivity, speed up fruiting time, and produce plants that are stronger and more adaptive to environmental conditions

This study aims to identify morphological and reproductive characters in Thallophyta and Bryophyta in UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. Bryophytes have high species diversity and are known as the second largest group of plants after flowering plants. They play an important role in maintaining ecosystems, especially water balance and nutrient cycles, and serve as bioindicators due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. The study was conducted by taking samples of leaf lichens and crustose lichens on various substrates such as rocks, soil, and trees, then observed using a stereo microscope and binocular microscope. The results showed that Thallophyta, such as crustose lichens, have unique morphological structures and can reproduce through ascospores, while Bryophyta, such as leaf mosses, have a life cycle that includes gametophyte and sporophyte stages. Reproduction in leaf mosses occurs sexually through the antheridium and archegonium, and asexually through stolon fragmentation. In addition to their ecological role, lichens also provide important habitat for a variety of organisms and help maintain the balance of tropical forest ecosystems. The adaptation of lichens to a wide range of environmental conditions allows them to survive in various substrates and extreme situations. This study provides new insights into the role of lichens in ecosystems and their potential applications for environmental conservation and restoration. The results of this study can serve as a basis for biodiversity conservation efforts and sustainable environmental management. Therefore, it is important to take appropriate conservation measures to preserve the vital role of lichens in ecosystems and the overall health of the environment.

This study aims to test the viability and growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts for 11 days. Mung beans were chosen as the object of research because of the ease of the germination process and high nutritional value. The methods used include preparing germination media with moistened opaque paper, as well as observing the parameters of normal, abnormal, and dead seeds. The results showed that in the first repetition, the number of normal sprouts reached 17 seeds with a germination power of 68%, while in the second repetition there were only 11 normal seeds. This study indicates that environmental conditions and proper treatment greatly affect seed viability. Thus, it is important to maintain optimal conditions to increase germination and plant growth results.

Seed plants or spermatophytes are divided into two, namely angiosperms (open seed plants) and gymnosperms (closed seed plants). These seeds are a means of generative development of spermatophytes. This research aims to observe the internal structure of the reproductive organs of seed plants and observe the phases of embryo development in seed plants.  The method used is observing the structure of internal plant organs and is supported by literature studies related to the research carried out. The objects of this research are lilies (Hippeastrum sp.), pine (Pinus merkusii), and preserved corn (Zea mays).

This research examines quantitative approaches in flower dissection, with a focus on measuring symmetry and flower structure using mathematical formulas. This research aims to develop an objective method for analyzing flower morphology to support taxonomic, evolutionary and ecological studies of plants. Data was collected through morphometric measurements on various flower species with radial and bilateral symmetry characters. Parameters measured include petal length, corolla width, spreading angle, and number of reproductive parts. The analysis was carried out using geometric formulas to calculate the symmetry index and proportions of the flower structure. The research results show that flowers with radial symmetry have a higher symmetry index value than flowers with bilateral symmetry. Additionally, variations in flower structure were found to correlate with ecological adaptations, such as pollination strategies by insects or wind. This approach successfully revealed consistent mathematical patterns in floral design, providing new insights into the relationship between structure and biological function. This study shows that quantitative approaches can increase precision in the analysis of flower morphology, while providing a new tool for exploring the evolutionary dynamics of plants. This method can be applied to cross-disciplinary research involving morphology, genetics and plant ecology.

Open seed plants or Gymnosperms and closed seed plants or Angiosperms are two subdivisions of seed plants. Seed plants reproduction tool consists of strobilus or flowers. The reproductive tool of closed seed plants is a flower that grows from a bud equipped with petals, stamens, and pistils. The purpose of this study was to observe the reproductive structure of seed plants. This research was conducted at Instructional Laboratory 1, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. The method used was direct observation in the laboratory by analyzing the internal structure of reproductive organs. The results Angiosperms such as bungur flowers (Lagerstroemia speciosa) have complete reproductive organs and produce seeds in closed ovaries, while gymnosperms such as pine (Pinus merkusii) have strobilus as reproductive organs and open seeds. Although gymnosperms and angiosperms share many similarities in basic adaptations and functions, they differ significantly in internal structure and reproductive mechanisms.