Biochemical pathways are the complex pathways of chemical reactions vital to maintain cellular homeostasis, control metabolism and modulate responses to physiological stimuli. Recent developments in the omics technologies, gene editing tools, and systems biology have significantly deepened our understanding of these pathways, changing the scientific paradigm from linear reactions to complex and interrelated regulatory networks. This review examines the changing face of metabolic and signaling pathways including but not limited to glycolysis, TCA cycle, MAPK, PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT and their role in health and disease. Particular attention is paid to pathway analysis innovations, including CRISPR/Cas9, single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, and computational modelling and their revolutionary effect on discovery of new drug targets and pathway specific therapeutics. In reviewing the most recent advances in cancer metabolism, immune signaling, and cross-pathway interactions, this paper emphasizes the translational promise of pathway-centric research for personalized medicine, especially in oncology, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. The review attempts to bridge basic biochemical research with clinical applications, and provides a window into the manner in which pathway-based interventions are influencing the future of precision therapeutics.

The rapid growth of RT/RW Net-based internet services among the community has driven the need for an integrated, efficient, and easy-to-use billing system. The self-help RT/RW Net model often faces challenges in terms of administrative management, especially related to customer recording, billing, and financial reporting which are still done manually. Common problems faced by partners are payment systems that have not been digitized and minimal transparency in data collection and tracking of customer transactions. The purpose of this activity is to design and implement a web-based billing application built using the Laravel framework. This application is designed to facilitate the process of managing customer bills, monitoring internet service usage, and preparing financial reports automatically and in a structured manner. The method of implementing the activity includes the system design stage, training partners in using the application, and assistance in direct implementation in the RT/RW Net operational environment. The results of the activity show that the developed system has succeeded in automating most of the billing process and increasing the efficiency of administrative management by up to 80%. In addition, this system also has a positive impact on increasing transparency and accuracy of customer data. Suggestions for further development include the addition of automatic payment features through integration with payment gateways, as well as improving the user interface to make it more responsive and user-friendly.

This research aims to review the teaching tools used at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Kota Padang in order to support the implementation of the Independent Curriculum. Observations were carried out for two months, focusing on analysis of learning documents, interviews with teachers, and direct observation of the learning process in the classroom. Observation results show that the teaching tools at MAN 2 Padang City have been prepared in accordance with the principles of the Independent Curriculum, including teaching modules, student worksheets, and formative assessments that support differentiated learning. The teachers at this madrasa show good adaptability to curriculum changes, by applying varied and contextual learning methods. Students also show a positive response to learning that is more interactive and relevant to everyday life. However, several challenges were found, such as the need for further training for teachers and the provision of more diverse learning resources. Overall, the teaching tools at MAN 2 Padang City support a more meaningful and student-centered learning process, in line with the objectives of the Independent Curriculum.
 

Rapid advances in information technology have fuelled the emergence of digital currencies such as Bitcoin as an increasingly popular means of transaction in Indonesia. However, behind the convenience and speed offered, the use of Bitcoin also poses a high risk of fraud in online transactions. The main objective of this research is to analyse the nature of legal protection for Bitcoin users in Indonesia. This research applies normative juridical method with statutory approach, conceptual approach, case study analysis, and refers to legal protection theory, online transaction theory, and legal economic theory. One of the case studies studied is the High Court Decision 1240/Pid.Sus/2022/PN Tng which reflects the existence of a vacuum and vagueness of legal norms in the protection of Bitcoin users. The analysis shows that although Bitcoin has been regulated under the legal framework of digital asset trading, there are still inefficiencies in the application of legal protection in a comprehensive and effective manner. This research emphasises the need for more progressive regulatory reforms, as well as strengthening the role of law enforcement agencies and financial technology supervisors to ensure fair, certain and comprehensive protection for Bitcoin users in the territory of Indonesia. It is hoped that the results of this research can strengthen theoretical contributions in enriching the development of digital economy law and become a practical reference for policy makers.

Aromatherapy candles made from used cooking oil represent an eco-friendly and economically valuable entrepreneurial innovation. This proposal presents the utilization of used frying oil as a base material in producing aromatherapy candles, aiming to support the circular economy concept and provide an alternative solution to environmental pollution. The product formulation combines paraffin, beeswax, and natural essential oils, offering relaxation and comfort while also opening up new business opportunities. SWOT analysis and marketing strategies based on the 4Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) serve as the foundation for business development. The results of the study show that aromatherapy candle businesses have strong potential to attract consumer interest, especially among young people, and can deliver significant social, economic, and environmental impact.

Economic development in today's world has grown rapidly, leading to numerous changes in human life. By investing in the capital market, it becomes one of the alternatives for financing the community's economy and is easily accessible to the public. One of them is to invest in bond securities in issuer companies. However, by purchasing bonds in the capital market with the issuer company, in addition to providing benefits through interest rates, there are risks, including if the issuer company goes bankrupt. Under these conditions, the holder of the unsecured bond will be positioned as a concurrent creditor, whose repayment is made after the separatist and preferred creditor. Although not guaranteed collateral, bondholders still obtain legal guarantees of their rights through information disclosure, the role of trustees, and arrangements within the applicable legal framework.

Micro businesses play an important role in increasing and equalizing community income so as to realize national stability, because this business can expand employment opportunities. However, micro businesses are not free from various obstacles, especially obstacles in the management of business finances that are not yet effective. Many micro businesses have not been able to implement 4 indicators of financial management, namely planning, recording, reporting and control. This study aims to determine the Financial Management of Micro Business Ampera Restaurant in Simpang Baru Village, Pekanbaru City. This type of research is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data sources were obtained through observation, interviews and documentation involving 10 informants. The results of the study indicate that Financial Management at Ampera Restaurant in Simpang Baru Village, Pekanbaru City is not optimal. Of the 4 indicators of financial management, only the planning indicator can be said to be good. This is due to the lack of knowledge and limited human resources in recording, reporting and controlling. The results of this study are expected to provide useful information to improve financial management for micro-entrepreneurs.

Communication within the family is an important foundation in shaping children's character and mindset, especially when facing conflicts or sensitive issues such as teenage pregnancy. The film Dua Garis Biru by Gina S. Noer realistically depicts the dynamics of communication between family members when faced with surprising and stressful situations. This study aims to examine how family communication patterns are represented in the film, and how these communication messages reflect the social conditions of Indonesian society. This study uses a qualitative method with a content analysis approach, especially in scenes showing interactions between the main characters and their respective parents. The results of the study show that this film represents a family communication pattern that is authoritative, closed, but slowly develops into a more open and empathetic one along with the ongoing conflict. The film Dua Garis Biru not only presents teenage conflicts, but also reflects the importance of openness and emotional support in family communication. This representation can be a reflection for parents and teenagers in building healthy and solution-oriented communication within the family.
 

The implementation of police discretion in the process of investigating criminal defamation cases shows that discretion is an important instrument for police officers in assessing, determining, and following up on a criminal report based on urgency, public interest, and the principles of proportionality and professionalism. In cases of defamation, which are often subjective and private, discretion allows investigators to consider various factors such as motive, impact, and the possibility of resolution outside the criminal path. Factors Affecting the Implementation of Police Discretion in the Process of Investigating Criminal Defamation Cases show that discretion is not carried out absolutely, but is influenced by various internal and external factors, namely: Legal and Regulatory Aspects, Case Characteristics, Professionalism and Ethics of Investigators, Social and Environmental Pressure, Facilities and Resources. Police Discretion should be regulated more clearly in positive law other than Law Number 2 of 2002 and the Criminal Procedure Code so that the principles of Legal Certainty and Respect for Human Rights are more apparent. Police offices need to provide special facilities such as mediation rooms that are neutral, comfortable, and support the creation of a dialogical atmosphere between the disputing parties. Increasing the number of investigators and managing a more balanced workload will provide space for investigators to consider the discretionary path more seriously without sacrificing work efficiency. The Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for discretion at the Polres level needs to be adjusted to local socio-cultural characteristics. In Gorontalo, for example, a legal approach that is sensitive to family values and customs must be officially accommodated in work procedures.

This study discusses the importance of collaboration among Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Kabila to improve the quality of educational teaching. This collaboration includes collaboration in designing and implementing student-oriented learning. Through this collaboration, PAI teachers exchange experiences, practices, and teaching innovations that are in accordance with the needs of students and the development of the times. The main objective of this study is to determine the implementation, supporting elements, and barriers to collaboration. The method used in this study is qualitative with interview, observation, and documentation techniques. The results of this study indicate that collaboration is carried out from the planning stage to implementation, including the creation of modules, media used, and teaching methods, as well as providing feedback to each other in the classroom. This collaboration not only improves the effectiveness of the teaching and learning process, but also helps teachers hone their competencies.