In Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection, there is an article that prohibits obscene acts, which is regulated in Article 76E which reads: "Everyone is prohibited from committing violence or threats of violence, coercing, committing tricks, committing a series of lies, or persuading children to commit or allow obscene acts to be committed." Furthermore, Article 76D which reads: "Everyone is prohibited from committing violence or threats of violence to force a child to have intercourse with him or with another person This research was conducted with the aim of finding out how to protect the law for children who are victims of criminal acts of obscenity and how to prove and apply the law to criminal acts of obscenity committed by children. . The research method conducted in this study is a normative juridical research method so that it can be concluded as follows: 1. Child protection is regulated in Law Number 23 of 2002. In addition to Law No. 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection in protecting victims of child molestation, Law No. 13 of 2006 concerning the Protection of Witnesses and Victims can also protect victims of child abuse and victims of other criminal acts.2. Evidence in the crime of obscenity uses evidence in accordance with the Criminal Code. The valid evidence according to Law No. 8 of 1981 is regulated in Article 184 of the Criminal Procedure Code which consists of witness statements, expert statements, letter of recommendation, and information of the defendant. In the application of the law against child molesters, Article 82 of Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection can be applied by using the mechanism and system of child justice, namely Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Child Criminal Justice System.

Challenges in establishing customary forests in Indonesia are caused by complicated bureaucracy, lack of synchronization between central and local bureaucracy, and the politics of citizen struggle using the identity of indigenous peoples. In the face of changes to Areal Penggunaan Lain (APL), there needs to be a careful approach and close collaboration between the local government, the central government, and indigenous peoples to achieve a balance between economic development, environmental preservation, and the rights of indigenous peoples. The research specification used in this research is descriptive analytical, which seeks to describe or describe events and events without conducting hypotheses and statistical calculations. Also normative juridical, namely research based on Ministerial regulations, books, and decrees of the Regent of North Tapanuli. The central and local governments have taken significant steps in recognizing and protecting the traditional and cultural rights of indigenous peoples. Changes in the Areal Penggunaan Lain (APL) can have serious impacts, requiring a cautious approach and close collaboration to maintain a balance between economic development, environmental preservation and the rights of indigenous peoples. Suggestions are made that local and central governments improve collaboration, concretely empower indigenous peoples, and integrate sustainable measures in policies to achieve a sustainable balance.

This study examines the complex interplay between formal legal structures, customary practices, and rapid urban development in shaping land ownership dynamics in Batam's old villages (kampung tua). Through a qualitative case study approach, incorporating document analysis, semi-structured interviews, and field observations, we investigate the challenges in reconciling traditional land rights with modern property laws in the context of Batam's development as a free trade zone. Our findings reveal that approximately 70% of land parcels in the studied villages lack formal titles, highlighting the prevalence of informal ownership systems. The research identifies significant legal pluralism, where national land laws, local regulations, and customary (adat) practices coexist and often conflict. Notaries emerge as key actors navigating this complex landscape, often expanding beyond their formal mandate to mediate between different systems of authority and ownership. The study underscores the limitations of current legal frameworks in addressing the unique challenges of land administration in rapidly urbanizing areas with strong customary traditions. We propose the need for more adaptive land governance approaches that can accommodate both formal and informal ownership structures, including specialized legal frameworks for recognizing customary land rights in urban contexts. This research contributes to the broader understanding of land rights issues in the face of rapid urban development and offers insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and urban planners grappling with similar challenges in other developing regions.

The Indonesian business community is currently developing very rapidly, and the number of business transactions in Indonesia has also increased. This situation shows that the Indonesian economy is very favorable for people who want to do business in Indonesia, not only Indonesian entrepreneurs but also foreign entrepreneurs. A legal principle applies to the agreement, namely the principle of freedom of contract, which declares a person's freedom to enter into a contract in a conditional form. As long as the parties agree and does not violate etiquette and law, the agreement will be valid. . The research method used is the normative legal approach, which is the analysis and understanding of law within the framework of this study as a set of positive rules or norms in a legal system that governs human life. This was done by studying books, laws, regulations and other documents relevant to this study. In addition, the collection of legal materials also includes legal material analysis methods and legal analysis methods that adjust should be, as long as this is the method of measuring and analyzing the issues in this study. The application of the principle of freedom of commercial contract requires the parties to maintain a balanced position when formulating agreements regulating commercial legal relationships. If a balance is not achieved, economic actors will limit and avoid liability by including release clauses. It is therefore necessary for the government to intervene to limit the application of the principle of freedom of contract through standard contracts by establishing rules prohibiting the inclusion of exemption clauses and monitoring the use of standard clauses in the economy by economic operators.