The growing elderly population in Indonesia has created structural challenges in the health care system. One of the crucial challenges arises in the aspect of medical decision-making that becomes increasingly complex, along with the decline in cognitive capacity, comorbidities, and chronic diseases that accompany this age group. Problems arise when elderly patients refuse medical treatment, while doctors have ethical and professional obligations to save lives. This condition is complicated by social pressure from families and collective cultural values that often ignore the right to individual autonomy. As a result, doctors are in a vulnerable position legally and ethically, especially when there are no regulations that explicitly and technically regulate the limits of professional responsibility. This study aims to analyze the form of legal protection for doctors in the face of refusal of medical action by elderly patients. The method used is normative juridical, with statutory and conceptual approaches. The results show that there are no specific rules regarding the mechanism of informed refusal, evaluation of the decision-making capacity of elderly patients, and the limits of legal responsibility of doctors. This creates legal uncertainty, even when doctors have acted according to professional standards and medical ethics. This study recommends the establishment of technical regulations that strictly regulate the procedures for refusal of medical action by elderly patients. Legal protection for doctors is not only a professional guarantee, but also an integral part of a health system that is fair, sustainable, and ensures legal certainty in modern medical practice.

In the modern legal system, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) testing has become an important tool in the resolution of criminal and civil cases in Indonesia. The use of DNA can assist in determining blood relations, uncovering sexual abuse cases, and proving involvement in other crimes. Nonetheless, there are various legal issues that arise regarding the collection of DNA specimens without the consent of the sample owner. In Indonesia, although there are personal data protection regulations such as the Health and Population Administration Law, there are no specific provisions regarding the legality of unauthorized DNA sampling. This creates uncertainty in the legal system, especially in terms of evidence being recognized in court. Unauthorized DNA sampling can violate an individual's right to privacy guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution and the Criminal Procedure Law. This potentially makes DNA test results inadmissible as valid evidence in court. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the legality of the practice of unauthorized DNA sampling and its impact on the legal evidentiary system in Indonesia. The study also highlights the importance of medical ethics and legal protection of privacy in determining the validity of DNA evidence in judicial proceedings. It also explores the role of medical ethics and privacy law in determining the validity of DNA test results in the judicial process, and provides recommendations for clearer regulations regarding DNA sampling procedures.

The phenomenon of "vigilante" is still a serious problem in various regions, including Pangkalan Jati Village. This extrajudicial action not only violates social norms, but also has the potential to threaten public order and security. This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of "vigilante" in Pangkalan Jati Village, as well as its impact on environmental security. The method used is a case study with a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with community leaders, village officials, and victims/perpetrators of "vigilante" actions. The results of the study indicate that factors such as weak law enforcement, public distrust of the authorities, and lack of legal awareness are the main triggers for these actions. The impacts include increasing rates of violence, social divisions, and security instability. As an effort to overcome this problem, legal socialization has been carried out to the community as part of community service activities. This socialization is expected to increase public legal awareness, strengthen trust in the authorities, and encourage the community to resolve problems legally. This study concludes that legal socialization is an important step in preventing "vigilante" actions and creating a safe and conducive environment.

In carrying out their duties, general practitioners have limitations both in terms of knowledge and medical facilities they possess. Furthermore, based on the Omnibus Health Law 2023, there are regulations that govern general practitioners regarding the medical procedures they can and cannot perform. Several articles that regulate referral issues are Article 19, Article 32, Article 189, and Article 360. Meanwhile, the regulation regarding specialist doctors is listed in Articles 233-235. However, it is important to emphasize that the authority of specialist doctors and general practitioners is not directly regulated in the Omnibus Law. Thus, the study that can be conducted is an interpretative study that compares it simultaneously with similar legal products. Other references that can be used are Presidential Regulation no. 31 of 2019 and Minister of Health Regulation no. 36 of 2019. Based on a comparative study and judicial analysis of the Omnibus Health Law 2023, specialist doctors have their own independence, and therefore, if they delegate authority to general practitioners, it is guaranteed by the law, including the Omnibus Health Law 2023, especially because the Omnibus Health Law 2023 opens up flexibility for specialist doctors to practice. If delegation occurs, general practitioners can be legally protected as long as the basis for this delegation is emergency for patient safety, secondly is the delegation of authority to ensure patient safety, and thirdly is part of the education for specialist doctors. Although not explicitly stated, these implications are strongly implied in the articles mentioned in the Omnibus Health Law. Nevertheless, there are certain limits that specialist doctors must follow to ensure that patients' rights are well protected, and in the future, there needs to be a strengthening of regulations so that both general practitioners and specialist doctors do not face criminalization.

Health services are a critical aspect that requires coordination and cooperation from various parties, including patients, families, communities and medical personnel. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the rights and obligations of patients, families, communities and medical personnel in disaster health services. The method used is literature study. Google and Google Schoolar are used as the main sources of the database used from 2020 to 2024 to extract research via publish or perish software. From the research that has been conducted, disaster health services are a very complex and challenging aspect of the health system, which requires a multi-disciplinary and collaborative approach. A deep understanding of the rights and obligations of patients, families, communities and medical personnel is a strong basis for building a health care system that is fair, effective and sustainable. Cooperation between governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, local communities and individuals is essential to ensure that disaster response and recovery efforts can be carried out in a coordinated and effective manner. The development of supportive policies and regulations, as well as adequate funding, are also critical to strengthening disaster health services.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis putusan Kasasi Mahkamah Agung No. 2113 K/Pid.Sus/2023 terkait pengoptimalan penerapan prinsip keadilan dan kemanfaatan hukum dalam pertimbangan dan putusan hakim. Urgensi penelitian ini terletak pada pentingnya peran hakim dalam sistem hukum pidana untuk memberikan rasa keadilan, kepastian, dan kemanfaatan hukum bagi para pencari keadilan. Umumnya, kasus-kasus pidana seringkali tidak berorientasi pada kepentingan korban dan hanya fokus pada pemidanaan pelaku, padahal korban mengharapkan pengembalian harta yang dikuasai pelaku secara melawan hukum. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan analisis data sekunder terkait permasalahan ini. Penelitian ini menawarkan pendekatan baru dengan menekankan keadilan dan kemanfaatan yang berfokus pada pemulihan korban dan tanggung jawab pelaku. Berbeda dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang lebih menekankan pada aspek perlindungan hukum bagi korban serta efektivitas kementerian dan aparat hukum dalam kasus Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Indosurya, penelitian ini mengkaji peran proaktif hakim dalam mediasi dan pengembalian kerugian korban. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hakim belum optimal dalam menerapkan prinsip keadilan dan kemanfaatan hukum, baik pada pertimbangan maupun vonisnya. Sehingga perlu adanya solusi konkret yang ditawarkan pada permasalahan dalam putusan ini agar tercapainya hukum yang lebih adil dan manusiawi untuk para korban kejahatan.

The aim of this research is to determine whether the tax procedural law regulated in the Minister of Finance Regulation (PMK) can override the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). The basis for enforcing tax crimes is stated in the Law on Harmonization of Tax Regulations. The examination of preliminary evidence is not regulated in this law but is delegated to the PMK, granting examiners the authority to borrow and/or examine evidence. This authority is similar to confiscation, causing ambiguity and legal uncertainty. This research uses a descriptive normative method and finds that the rules for borrowing evidence need revision to avoid resembling confiscation. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on the borrowing of evidence in the PMK. The results indicate that the rules for borrowing evidence in the PMK cannot override the concept of confiscation in the Criminal Procedure Code due to the lex specialis principle. The conclusion is that the borrowing concept in the PMK regarding Preliminary Evidence cannot override the Criminal Procedure Code. Therefore, reformulation of the PMK is necessary because it still adheres to the autonomy of criminal law, which should be eliminated since Civil Law can adequately provide protection to maintain order. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hukum acara perpajakan yang diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Keuangan (PMK) dapat mengesampingkan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP). Dasar penegakan tindak pidana perpajakan dinyatakan dalam Undang-Undang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan. Terdapat aturan mengenai pemeriksaan bukti permulaan yang tidak diatur dalam undang-undang tersebut, tetapi didelegasikan ke PMK tentang Bukti Permulaan yang memberikan kewenangan pemeriksa untuk meminjam dan/atau memeriksa bahan bukti. Kewenangan peminjaman dab/atau memeriksa bahan bukti secara teknis memiliki kesamaan dengan penyitaan. Tidak adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara peminjaman dengan penyitaan menyebabkan ketidakjelasan sehingga menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif normatif dan menemukan bahwa aturan peminjaman bahan bukti perlu diubah agar tidak menyerupai konsep penyitaan. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada fokus pembahasan peminjaman bahan bukti dalam PMK. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aturan peminjaman bahan bukti dalam PMK tidak dapat mengesampingkan konsep penyitaan dalam KUHAP karena prinsip lex specialis. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan konsep peminjaman dalam PMK tentang Bukti Permulaan tidak dapat mengesampingkan KUHAP. Oleh karena itu, reformulasi terhadap PMK tentang Bukti Permulaan diperlukan, karena PMK a quo masih menganut otonomi hukum pidana, yang seharusnya dihilangkan karena Hukum Perdata sudah mampu memberikan perlindungan untuk menjaga ketertiban dalam kehidupan. Kata Kunci: Peminjaman Bahan Bukti; Pemeriksaan Bukti Permulaan; Wajib Pajak.

This study aims to analyze corporate responsibility for the crime of using fictitious tax invoices by directors and how the judge's basic considerations in the decision of the Tanjung Karang District Court No. 343/Pid.Sus/2021/PN.Tjk. This research is motivated by the rise of taxpayers who are reluctant to pay taxes obediently to the state. Corporations take advantage of this loophole by issuing fictitious tax invoices to reduce funds that should be deposited into the state treasury and later the corporation will ask for restitution from the state. The research method used is a normative juridical method with a statutory approach, a conceptual approach and a case approach. The novelty in this research is to complement the studies conducted in previous studies which only criminalize individual management or corporate directors in criminal acts in the field of taxation, without considering corporate responsibility as legal subjects who can be held criminally responsible and the need for optimization by the DGT in the development of e-commerce applications. Nofa, both in terms of administration and technicality, so that dynamic applications can be realized and can reduce the use of fictitious tax invoices in Indonesia. The results of the study show that with the prevalence of cases of issuing fictitious tax invoices by directors, corporations must be fully responsible for criminal acts committed because they are very detrimental to state finances.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pertanggungjawaban korporasi terhadap tindak pidana penggunaan faktur pajak fiktif oleh direksi dan bagaimana dasar pertimbangan hakim dalam putusan Pengadilan Negeri Tanjung Karang No.343/Pid.Sus/2021/PN.Tjk. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh maraknya wajib pajak enggan membayar pajak secara patuh kepada negara. Korporasi memanfaatkan celah tersebut dengan menerbitkan faktur pajak fiktif untuk mengurangi dana yang seharusnya disetor ke kas negara dan nantinya korporasi akan meminta restitusi kepada negara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang -undangan, pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan kasus. Kebaharuan dalam penelitian ini yakni untuk melengkapi studi yang dilakukan pada penelitian sebelumnya yang hanya mempidana individu pengurus atau direksi korporasi dalam tindak pidana dibidang perpajakan, tanpa mempertimbangkan tanggungjawab korporasi sebagai subjek hukum yang dapat diminta pertanggungjawaban pidana dan perlu adanya optimalisasi oleh Direktorat Jendral Pajak dalam pengembangan aplikasi e-Nofa baik dalam segi administrasi maupun teknis agar dapat terwujud aplikasi yang dinamis serta dapat mengurangi penggunaan faktur pajak fiktif di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa dengan masih maraknya kasus penerbitan faktur pajak fiktif oleh direksi sehingga korporasi harus bertanggung jawab secara penuh terhadap tindak pidana yang dilakukan dikarenakan sangat merugikan keuangan negara.