This study aims to analyze the relationship between the sociological, psychological, and rational behaviors of retired members of the Indonesian Army (TNI AD) towards their presidential choices in the 2024 general elections in Kupang City. By focusing on these three behavioral aspects, the research seeks to uncover how these factors influence the political decisions of retired TNI AD personnel when determining their presidential candidate preferences. The research employs a quantitative approach, collecting data through questionnaires distributed to retired TNI AD respondents. Data analysis is conducted using the chi-square technique to evaluate the significant relationships between the sociological, psychological, and rational behaviors and presidential choices. The study involves a sample of respondents representing the retired TNI AD population in Kupang City. The analysis results indicate a significant relationship between the sociological, psychological, and rational behaviors of retired TNI AD personnel and their presidential choices in the 2024 elections. Sociological behavior, which includes ethnic identity and social involvement, significantly affects political preferences, while psychological behavior related to emotional closeness to supporting parties also shows a noteworthy impact. Additionally, rational behavior, which assesses the alignment of candidates' programs with voters' needs, influences decisions, highlighting the importance of these three aspects in the electoral choices of retired TNI AD personnel.

The aim of this research is to determine community participation in the implementation of development planning deliberations (Musrembangdes) and determine the inhibiting factors that influence the lack of community participation in Tapobali Village, East Adonara District in 2022. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with research locations in Tapobali Village, Adonara District East, East Flores Regency. The theory used in this research is the Community Participation Theory from Isbandi (2007:27) and in this theory there are four forms of participation according to Vaneklasen and Miller, in which there are indicators of Symbolic Participation, Passive Participation, Consultative Participation and Functional Participation. Researchers used data collection methods in this research obtained through observation, interviews and documentation. Researchers found that the level of community participation in Musrembangdes in Tapobali Village was still low. 55 people attended the Musrembangdes, but the residents who attended also tended to contribute minimally to ideas regarding village development planning. It is hoped that the village government will further increase community participation in village development programs so that it can bring optimal benefits to all village residents.