This study examines the relationship between household land ownership and the number of hours children spend working. This assumption is based on previous research suggesting that children from households with large landholdings are more likely to be engaged in child labor than those from land-poor households. This phenomenon arises from the fact that land is a crucial asset for agricultural households, often requiring family members, including children, to participate in farm-related activities. This study employs a random effects method using panel data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) for the years 2000, 2007, and 2014. The findings reveal a distinct pattern, particularly in the Indonesian context, where land size exhibits a non-linear relationship with children's working hours. As land ownership increases, children's working hours tend to decrease; however, beyond a certain threshold, children's working hours begin to rise with increasing land size. Heterogeneity analysis further indicates that non-food farmland has a greater impact on the increase in children's working hours. This may be due to the higher demand for additional labor in larger-scale agricultural production, which often relies on family members for support.

This study examines whether financial inclusion enhances the first demographic dividend in Indonesia. Using a household-level approach, we measure the first demographic dividend through the economic support ratio and per capita expenditure, while financial inclusion is assessed based on savings account ownership in formal financial institutions. The research utilizes data from the 2022 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) and applies a multiple linear regression model estimated via the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. Empirical findings indicate that financial inclusion and the economic support ratio significantly enhance the first demographic dividend, as reflected in increased per capita expenditure. However, nearly one-third of households still lack access to formal financial institutions, with evidence suggesting a concentration of savings account ownership within specific households. Subsample analysis underscores the need to optimize the demographic dividend through financial inclusion, particularly for households headed by females, those engaged in agriculture and the informal sector, poor households, and those in rural areas and outside Java. Therefore, we recommend that the financial industry expand its services beyond its current target market and proactively tailor financial products to meet the diverse needs of the Indonesian population.