This study aims to improve the early reading and writing skills of first-grade students at SDN 101280 Gunung Tua Tonga in the 2024/2025 academic year through the implementation of the Inkaber model (Inductive Picture-Word Model). The background of this research is based on the low early literacy skills of students, indicated by an average score of 1.39 on a 1–4 scale, as well as the minimal use of media and engaging learning approaches. This research is a Classroom Action Research (CAR) using the Kemmis & McTaggart model, conducted in two cycles, each consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. The objectives of this study are to describe the initial conditions of students' reading and writing skills, to portray the learning process using the Inkaber model, and to explain the improvement in literacy performance after the implementation. The results showed that the application of the Inkaber model significantly improved students’ reading and writing skills. In the initial condition, the average writing score was 58.5 and the reading score was 60.2, with most students not meeting the Minimum Competency Criteria (MCC). After two cycles of implementation, all students met the MCC with an average writing score of 85.24 and reading score of 84.70. The conclusion of this study is that the Inkaber model is effective for use in early literacy learning. The combination of visual media, interactive approaches, and contextual learning strategies made the lessons more engaging and meaningful for lower-grade students. This model is recommended as an alternative for improving early reading and writing skills in elementary schools.

Ethnomathematics as a study bridges mathematics with local cultural contexts, including traditional architecture. Istana Maimun, a cultural heritage of the Malay people, holds a wealth of geometric elements that reflect local wisdom and cultural values. This research aims to explore the geometric aspects of Istana Maimun's architectural design through an ethnomathematical approach. The study identifies patterns of symmetry, proportions, and geometric functions applied in architectural elements such as ornaments, spatial layouts, and building structures. The analysis reveals that the geometry in Istana Maimun's architecture not only serves an aesthetic purpose but also carries philosophical meanings closely tied to Malay cultural identity. This research is expected to contribute to the development of ethnomathematics studies and the preservation of local wisdom.
 
 

This research discusses the analysis of students' learning difficulties in understanding cube building material. Mathematics is a basic science that must be studied from an early age because it is closely related to other sciences in order to advance to the next level. The research was created to solve students' learning difficulties at SD Negeri 104208 Cinta Rakyat. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive research type. The results obtained are that students still lack understanding of the material that has been presented by the teacher in the process of teaching and learning activities, there are many students who do not understand the material explained by the teacher. It can be seen that students' learning difficulties are also determined by low interest in learning and Lack of understanding of the material taught. Several factors include disinterest in mathematics and ineffective use of learning media. This research suggests that schools are expected to innovate in the use of learning media and learning methods that are changed and adapted to students' learning needs and interests.

The research aims to examine the effectiveness of the STEM-based approach in 21st-century mathematics learning. The STEM-based approach integrates four main disciplines science, technology, engineering, and mathematics into the learning process to enhance critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The STEM approach is highly relevant to developing 21st-century competencies in mathematics education as both focus on the skills required to address complex and dynamic global challenges, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity, communication, collaboration, and digital literacy. The research method employed is a literature review, analyzing relevant theories and previous studies on the topic. The results indicate that the STEM approach can improve the effectiveness of 21st-century mathematics learning, such as enhancing students' technological development skills, analytical abilities, creativity, innovation, and the ability to express ideas and formulate problems. The STEM approach also stimulates students to meet the demands of 21st-century mathematics learning, which emphasizes critical and problem-solving skills leading to critical, creative, lateral, and systemic thinking abilities.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach on the mathematical problem-solving abilities of elementary school students. RME is a learning approach that connects mathematical concepts with real situations that students can find in everyday life. The research method used is qualitative research by reviewing the results of previous studies that are relevant in the context of mathematics learning in elementary schools. Based on the analysis of various studies, the results of the study indicate that the application of RME can improve students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. This is evident in various materials such as geometry (circumference and area of ??trapezoids and kites), mixed arithmetic operations, and equivalent fractions. RME also plays a role in increasing students' self-esteem and self-efficacy in learning mathematics, which in turn strengthens their motivation and performance. In addition, the learning media used in RME, such as geoboards, can enrich students' learning experiences and facilitate understanding of mathematical concepts in a more concrete way. This study provides an overview that RME not only improves students' cognitive abilities, but also supports their emotional and social development in the context of mathematics learning.

Education plays an important role in shaping students' character and competence. One of the challenges faced by the world of education is how to build students' understanding of subject matter that is relevant to the context of their daily lives. In this case, ethnomathematics is a very potential approach to be applied in mathematics learning. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of ethnomatics-based mathematics learning to strengthen cultural values. This study uses a Qualitative research method with a case study approach. This approach allows researchers to explore the experiences, perceptions, and impacts of ethnomathematics learning on students and teachers. The research subjects consisted of: students, teachers and parents. The results of this study indicate that ethnomathematics can improve students' mathematics learning achievement, especially in terms of identifying, translating, understanding the meaning of symbols, understanding and applying mathematical ideas, and making an exploration (estimate) related to mathematical concepts that is better than conventional learning.

Students who have academic difficulties are a sign that something is wrong. These errors can be in the form of conceptual misunderstandings, errors in forgetting the solution procedure, or careless errors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the cognitive barriers that elementary school students must overcome to understand the concept of speed and discharge. The methodology used in this study was qualitative. A literature search revealed that poor cognitive development of students, who are often at the concrete operational stage, is the main cause of these obstacles. Additional obstacles noted include proportionality challenges, limited abstraction and imagery capacity, and learning strategies that do not help the process of understanding the topic effectively.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the Influence of the Cooperative Learning Model of Group Investigation (GI) on student learning outcomes in mathematics for fourth-grade students at SDN 0306 Sosopan. The population in this study consisted of 48 students, divided into Class IV A with 24 students and Class IV B with 24 students. The research sample consisted of 24 students selected using the Total Sampling technique. The research type employed was an experiment with a Quasi-Experimental Design of the Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The research procedure included preparation, implementation, and conclusion stages. Before conducting the research, an instrument validation test, reliability test, difficulty level test, and discriminant power test were conducted. Subsequently, a pretest was administered to both classes, with the experimental class receiving treatment by implementing the Group Investigation (GI) learning model, while the control class used a conventional model. Finally, a posttest was administered to both classes. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24, including tests for normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis testing. Based on the students' learning outcomes, the experimental class obtained an average score of 41.04 in the pretest, which increased to 77.08 in the posttest. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that there is an influence of the Group Investigation (GI) learning model on student learning outcomes in mathematics for fourth-grade students at SDN 0306 Sosopan.