Spinach (Amaranthus spp.) is a vegetable plant that is highly dependent on the availability of light and nutrients for its growth. Proper spacing plays an important role in influencing a plant's access to light and nutrients, which ultimately impacts its yield. This study examines the impact of planting distance on light and nutrient competition in spinach. Planting spacing that is too tight can lead to intense competition between plants, reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis, and increase the risk of etiolation in lower plants. On the contrary, planting spacing that is too wide reduces land use efficiency and increases the likelihood of weed growth. The ideal planting distance ranges from 15-20 cm between plants, which ensures maximum utilization of light and nutrients without resulting in excessive competition, thus supporting optimal growth and yield

The use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in agriculture is an effective way to improve soil fertility and overall crop productivity. Bacteria such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, and Azospirillum are able to extract nitrogen from the soil and convert it into a form that can be absorbed by plants, which is essential for the formation of protein, DNA, and RNA in plants. By utilizing the capabilities of these bacteria, the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers can be varied, thereby reducing the detrimental dampening effects on water quality and the environment. In addition, nitrogen-fixing bacteria improve water use efficiency and contribute to the health of aquatic ecosystems. The use of these bacteria has the potential to improve the results of a more thorough analysis with less cost and less environmental impact.