This study aims to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the Islamic economic system and the conventional economic system, with a descriptive qualitative literature study approach. The Islamic economic system is based on sharia principles such as justice, mutual assistance, balance, and prohibition of usury, gharar, and maysir practices. This system issues a fair distribution of wealth based on ethical values. Meanwhile, the conventional economic system, both capitalist and socialist, places more emphasis on market efficiency, individual freedom, and varying state interventions. The results of the study indicate that the Islamic economic system excels in aspects of social justice and economic ethics, while the conventional economic system is more flexible and innovative, but tends to create economic inequality. This study is expected to provide insight into making fairer and more sustainable economic policies.