The rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed various sectors, such as healthcare, finance, and transportation. However, it also raises critical challenges regarding data privacy, particularly in large-scale data collection and processing. This study explores the differences and similarities in data privacy regulations governing AI between Europe and Asia, focusing on the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe and various regulations such as the Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI) in Japan and the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) in China. Using a qualitative approach with comparative legal analysis, this research evaluates the principles, flexibility, and practical implications of these regulations for fostering responsible AI development. The findings reveal that while GDPR emphasizes individual protection through transparency and explicit consent, Asia adopts a more flexible approach tailored to national needs, balancing innovation and privacy. However, challenges such as harmonizing cross-border data policies and adapting regulations to rapidly evolving technologies persist. This study contributes to the discourse by highlighting the implications of these regulatory differences for global cooperation and offering strategic recommendations for policymakers and industries. In a globalized digital landscape, aligning legal frameworks is essential not only to protect individual rights but also to build public trust in emerging AI technologies.

Protecting personal data has become increasingly critical in the digital era, especially in Indonesia, where data breaches remain a pressing issue. Blockchain technology has emerged as a potential solution due to its decentralization and enhanced security mechanisms. This study aims to analyze the legal aspects of implementing blockchain technology for personal data protection in Indonesia, focusing on its effectiveness and alignment with existing regulations. A qualitative methodology was employed, including case studies in the fintech and healthcare sectors, supported by normative legal analysis. The findings indicate that blockchain significantly improves data security, with companies reporting a notable decrease in data breaches after adoption. Mechanisms such as hashing and decentralization ensure data integrity and reduce unauthorized access. However, regulatory gaps and high implementation costs hinder widespread adoption. The Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP) in Indonesia does not yet address the unique characteristics of blockchain, creating legal ambiguities. This study highlights the need for regulatory updates and suggests targeted incentives to encourage adoption. The research contributes to theoretical understanding by integrating legal analysis with blockchain implementation and offers practical recommendations for policymakers. Future studies should explore cross-sectoral applications and comparative analyses with countries successfully adopting blockchain.

Agrarian disputes are a crucial issue in Indonesia, particularly in areas that serve as the centers of indigenous communities, where conflicts often arise between customary law and formal law. This study aims to analyze and compare customary and formal law's effectiveness in resolving agrarian disputes, focusing on indigenous regions with strong customary norms. The methodology employed includes semi-structured in-depth interviews and an analysis of customary legal documents, aimed at exploring respondents' perspectives and collecting data from relevant documents. The findings reveal that customary law often proves more responsive to the needs of local communities and creates fairer resolutions, whereas formal law tends to operate within a more universal framework and often overlooks local cultural values. The conclusion of this study underscores the importance of collaboration between customary law and formal law to enhance the effectiveness of agrarian dispute resolution and provides policy recommendations for the government to strengthen harmony between these two legal systems.

The protection of personal data has emerged as a critical concern in the digital era, particularly in Indonesia, where data breaches are increasing at an alarming rate. This study investigates the effectiveness of Indonesia's data protection policies, focusing on the implementation of Law No. 27 of 2022, and identifies the factors affecting its enforcement. Employing a qualitative approach with a case study methodology, the research analyzes three major data breach incidents involving Tokopedia, BRI Life, and BPJS Kesehatan. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews with legal practitioners and document analysis of relevant regulations and reports. The findings reveal significant gaps in the enforcement of Law No. 27 of 2022, including weak sanctions, inadequate oversight mechanisms, and limited public awareness of data privacy rights. Although the law provides a foundational framework, its effectiveness is hindered by insufficient penalties and the absence of an independent supervisory authority. For instance, while Tokopedia implemented policy revisions post-breach, similar incidents remain likely due to inadequate deterrent measures. Comparatively, the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) demonstrates higher effectiveness through stringent sanctions and robust enforcement mechanisms. This study contributes to the discourse on data privacy by highlighting the shortcomings of Indonesia’s current policies and proposing strategic recommendations. These include harmonizing domestic regulations with international standards, strengthening enforcement through independent oversight bodies, and enhancing public education on data privacy rights. By addressing these challenges, Indonesia can establish a more robust data protection framework, fostering trust in its digital ecosystem and ensuring alignment with global practices.

Domestic violence is a critical issue affecting many individuals and families in Indonesia, with varied impacts across urban and rural areas. This study examines the implementation of the Restorative Justice approach in resolving domestic violence cases in these contexts and identifies factors influencing its effectiveness. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combines quantitative analysis through surveys and qualitative insights from in-depth interviews. Data were collected from 300 respondents, including victims, offenders, and mediators, from urban and rural settings, alongside interviews with key stakeholders. The findings reveal significant differences in acceptance and satisfaction with Restorative Justice processes between urban and rural populations. In urban areas, higher legal awareness and access to trained mediators contribute to a 70% satisfaction rate, reflecting better participation and understanding of the process. In contrast, rural areas exhibit a lower satisfaction rate of 50%, hindered by cultural norms, limited legal knowledge, and a shortage of qualified mediators. Despite these challenges, Restorative Justice shows promise in addressing domestic violence by fostering dialogue, accountability, and reconciliation, emphasizing victim empowerment and offender rehabilitation. This study underscores the necessity of adapting Restorative Justice practices to local socio-cultural contexts to enhance effectiveness. Recommendations include developing tailored mediator training programs, increasing public awareness, and integrating community leaders into the process to build trust and legitimacy. The research contributes to the discourse on legal reform by highlighting the potential of Restorative Justice to create a more inclusive, responsive, and sustainable mechanism for resolving domestic violence cases in Indonesia. These findings are pivotal for policymakers in designing adaptive strategies to bridge the urban-rural divide and strengthen the justice system.