This study aims to analyze the normative provisions regarding women's inheritance rights in three legal systems applicable in Indonesia, namely Islamic law, customary law, and civil law. These three systems have different legal bases, values, and mechanisms in regulating inheritance rights, especially regarding the position and rights of women as heirs. Islamic law determines women's inheritance shares based on the provisions of the Qur'an and Al-Hadith or As Sunnah with the principle of proportionality according to socio-economic responsibilities in the family. On the other hand, customary law is highly dependent on the local kinship system, whether patrilineal, matrilineal, or bilateral, which causes great variation in granting inheritance rights to women. Meanwhile, civil law originating from the Civil Code emphasizes equality between men and women in inheritance rights, without gender differentiation. This study uses a normative legal approach with a qualitative analysis method on primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that although normatively civil law and several customary law systems provide space for equality, in social practice and cultural interpretation of women in obtaining inheritance rights, harmonization between legal systems is still needed, as well as increasing legal awareness in society for women. This study also emphasizes the importance of strengthening the role of the state and law enforcement officers in implementing inheritance rights for women.

The making of authentic deeds by a notary is part of the legal service that has the highest evidentiary value in the Indonesian civil law system. One of the formal requirements of an authentic deed according to Law Number 2 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary (UUJN) is the presence of two witnesses who know and directly witness the process of signing the deed. In notarial practice, notary staff are often appointed as witnesses for reasons of administrative convenience, trust, and availability of time. This study aims to examine the legal position and role of notary staff as witnesses in authentic deeds and the form of legal protection available if the deed is legally disputed. The research method used is normative legal with a statutory and conceptual approach, supported by literature studies and analysis of related court decisions. The results of the study indicate that notary staff are legally valid as witnesses as long as they meet the requirements as competent witnesses according to law. However, if a dispute arises over the deed, the staff can be asked for information as a witness in court and has the potential to face legal pressure. Therefore, legal protection for notary staff includes the principle of good faith, legal protection for witnesses, the right to legal assistance, and the ethical responsibility of notaries as employers. In conclusion, there needs to be more explicit regulations regarding the role of staff in deeds and clear protection mechanisms to maintain professionalism, integrity, and legal certainty in notarial practice.

Dormant status on a bank account is a condition in which an account is declared inactive because there have been no transactions for a certain period of time, so that it is automatically frozen by the bank. In Indonesian banking practices, changes in account status to dormant are often carried out based on the bank's internal policy without any clear notification to customers. This raises legal issues, especially related to the protection of customer rights to their funds, transparency of information, and access to financial services. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which the State provides legal protection that will be received by customers against the policy of automatically changing account status to dormant, as well as to evaluate the regulations in the Indonesian banking legal system. This study uses a normative legal approach, namely an approach that is based on literature studies by examining positive law, legal doctrine, and relevant literature. The approaches used include the statute approach and the conceptual approach. The results of the study indicate that legal protection for customers with dormant account status is still weak because there are no specific regulations that explicitly regulate this matter. The applicable legal regulations are still inclusive or general and do not sufficiently guarantee legal certainty and justice for customers. Therefore, special regulations are needed from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and Bank Indonesia that establish transparent mechanisms, easy procedures, and balanced protection of customer rights. It is hoped that strengthening these regulations can increase public trust in the banking system and guarantee justice and legal certainty.

This research aims to investigate the roles that Land Deed Making Officials (PPAT) play in the purchase and sale of land, particularly in cases where the legal owner is not present. Normative Legal Research is the research method employed to analyse the case of Decision Number 3/Pdt.G/2023/PN. Tyres are used as case studies to show the legal implications of actions that violate the landowner's consent in a sale and purchase transaction. The results showed that Decision Number 3/Pdt.G/2023/PN. Ban, PPAT has a big responsibility in ensuring legal land sale and purchase transactions. The sale and purchase deed was executed without the landowner's consent, so because PPAT neglected to carefully fulfil its obligations, it is void. PPAT responsibilities include civil, criminal, and administrative aspects. PPAT can be punished if you make a false deed, and can be subject to administrative sanctions. This ruling confirms the importance of PPAT compliance with legal procedures to maintain legal certainty in property transactions. The legal consequences of this ruling emphasize the importance of valid consent in property transactions to prevent unlawful acts.AbstrakStudi ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari tanggung jawab Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) dalam proses transaksi jual beli tanah, terutama dalam kasus di mana transaksi terjadi tanpa persetujuan pemilik yang sah. Fokus penelitian ini adalah kasus putusan Nomor 3/Pdt.G/2023/PN.Ban. Metode penelitian hukum normatif digunakan. Ban yang digunakan sebagai studi kasus untuk menunjukkan implikasi hukum dari tindakan yang melanggar persetujuan pemilik tanah dalam transaksi jual beli. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Putusan Nomor 3/Pdt.G/2023/PN.Ban, PPAT memiliki tanggung jawab besar dalam memastikan transaksi jual beli tanah legal. Tanggung jawab PPAT mencakup aspek perdata, pidana, dan administratif; namun, jika PPAT tidak melakukan tugasnya dengan benar, akta jual beli tersebut menjadi batal secara hukum karena tidak adanya persetujuan dari pemilik tanah. Jika PPAT membuat akta palsu, mereka juga dapat dikenai sanksi pidana dan administratif. Putusan ini menegaskan pentingnya kepatuhan PPAT terhadap prosedur hukum untuk menjaga kepastian hukum dalam transaksi properti. Akibat hukum dari putusan ini menekankan pentingnya persetujuan sah dalam transaksi properti untuk mencegah perbuatan melawan hukum.