This study aimed to investigate the impact of various substrates and nutrients on the growth and yield of Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo) in a floating raft hydroponic system. The research was used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors: substrate type (M) consisting of rice husk charcoal, sphagnum moss, and compost; and nutrient type (A) comprising AB Mix, NPK, and Gandasil D. There were 9 treatment combinations, each replicated 3 times, resulting in a total of 81 plant samples. The observed parameters included time to sprouting, plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, canopy diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight of the plant. The results showed a significant interaction between substrate and nutrient types on the number of branches at 6 weeks after planting, while no interaction was observed for other parameters and the best results were obtained from the combination of rice husk charcoal substrate and AB Mix nutrient. Substrate and nutrient types significantly affected plant growth (height, number of branches, and canopy diameter) and yield (fresh and dry plant weight as well as fresh and dry root weight). Rice husk charcoal and AB Mix nutrient produced the best plant growth and yield up to 6 weeks after planting.

Low productivity of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is often caused by high disease incidence. The application of biological agents like mycorrhizae and chitosan offers a promising strategy for sustainable intensification. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of mycorrhizae and chitosan on the growth, yield, and disease resistance of cayenne pepper var. Bara. A field experiment was conducted from April to July 2023 in Batu, Indonesia, using a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The first factor was mycorrhizal dosage (M: 0, 5, and 10 g/plant ), and the second was chitosan concentration (C: 0, 4, 8, and 12 mL/L). Results showed a significant interaction (P 0.05) between mycorrhizae and chitosan on most vegetative and generative parameters. The treatment M2C3 (10 g/plant mycorrhizae + 12 mL/L chitosan) yielded the best performance, producing 8.03 t ha⁻¹, a 204% increase compared to the control (2.64 t ha⁻¹). This combination also significantly enhanced plant height, leaf count, and biomass. While no statistical interaction was found for disease incidence, both agents individually reduced disease severity. This study demonstrates a strong synergistic effect between soil-applied mycorrhizae and foliar-applied chitosan, highlighting its potential for significantly boosting cayenne pepper production.

The research aims to obtain the type of substrate and dosage of AB Mix that can elevate the growth of pagoda mustard plants. The study used a completely randomized design with four substrates: wood powder, charcoal husk, sphagnum moss, and cocopeat. AB Mix uses two doses such as 6 and 8 ml/l repeated 4 times in each experiment with three plant samples. Observations included parameters of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, wet weight of plants and roots, and dry weight of plants and roots. The results showed that the husk charcoal substrate with AB Mix 8 ml/l nutrition produces the highest wet weight of pagoda mustard plants.