Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) encompassing conditions affecting muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, nerves, and tendons , are a prevalent occupational health issue, particularly in roles involving physical tasks like lifting, pushing, pulling, or carrying loads. This study aims to synthesize current scientific findings on the prevalence, contributing risk factors, and effective prevention strategies for MSDs in manual handling contexts. A systematic literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, focusing on peer-reviewed journal articles published between January 2020 and June 2025. The review identified a consistently high prevalence of MSDs, with the lower back, shoulders, neck, and upper extremities being the most commonly affected areas. Key risk factors are multifactorial, including physical/ergonomic aspects (e.g., awkward postures, heavy loads, repetitive motions, prolonged exposure, vibration) , individual factors (e.g., age, BMI, injury history) , psychosocial factors (e.g., high job demands, low job control, stress) , and organizational/manegerial factors (e.g., inadequate training, poor workstation design). The findings underscore the necessity of a holistic and integrated approach to manage MSDs.
 

Occupational diseases continue to pose significant challenges to worker health and productivity worldwide. This integrative literature review analyzes ten selected journal articles from 2019 to 2025 that discuss the role of early detection and workplace health interventions in preventing occupational diseases. Findings reveal that medical surveillance, routine check-ups, and AI-based stress detection technologies are effective tools for identifying health risks at an early stage. Workplace interventions such as ergonomic programs, chemical exposure controls, and community-based health promotion show measurable improvements in worker health and compliance with safety protocols. The Total Worker Health® framework by NIOSH emerges as a comprehensive strategy to integrate health protection and promotion in the workplace. However, implementation gaps remain, particularly in the informal sector, due to limited infrastructure and low awareness. This study concludes that combining early detection with structured health interventions, supported by strong policy and stakeholder involvement, is key to reducing occupational disease burdens.