This research develops a prototype of an automatic watering device based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and a soil moisture sensor to improve the efficiency of watering crops in agricultural fields. The main problem addressed is the consistency and efficiency of watering in large agricultural fields, where traditional management is prone to human error and inefficient water use. The developed prototype uses an ESP8266 microcontroller (NodeMCU) as the brain of the system connected to a Wi-Fi network, allowing remote monitoring and control via the Blynk application. A soil moisture sensor is used to detect soil conditions in real-time, triggering watering only when needed. This helps optimize water use and increase agricultural productivity sustainably. This research outlines the methodological steps from design, manufacturing, to implementation of the prototype in the field. Evaluation of the results shows that the system successfully regulates watering effectively based on soil conditions, with positive responses from farmers as end users.

This community service was carried out with the aim of reducing the risk of landslides by planting 100 albasia tree seedlings in areas prone to landslides. This activity involved the entire community of Pamarican Village, along with Galuh University KKN students. Through the preparation stage, socialization, training, and active participation of the community, this reforestation activity succeeded in having a positive impact. In addition to potentially reducing the risk of landslides, tree planting also provides ecological and economic benefits, such as water management, improved air quality, and potential income from sustainable forest products. With collective awareness and community involvement, it is hoped that steps to anticipate flood disasters can be more effectively carried out, maintain a healthy environment, and create sustainable environmental sustainability in Pamarican District, Ciamis Regency.

Early literacy serves as an essential foundation that plays a crucial role in shaping the cognitive, social, and emotional development of young children. It extends beyond the ability to read and write, encompassing skills such as listening, speaking, and comprehensively understanding information in a holistic manner. In the digital era, these skills have become increasingly critical as children are exposed to diverse forms of information through technology, including digital books, educational applications, and interactive learning videos. Technology presents significant opportunities to support early literacy development in innovative and engaging ways. However, the digital age also poses notable challenges, such as the risk of distraction from entertainment content, exposure to age-inappropriate information, and disparities in access to technology across different social groups. This study aims to deeply explore the strategic role of parents in supporting early literacy development in the digital era, including the strategies they employ, the challenges they face, and the impacts of their involvement. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach, the research analyzes data from in-depth interviews, observations of parent-child interactions, and recent literature on early literacy and technology. The findings indicate that active parental involvement, both through technology-based approaches and traditional methods, significantly enhances children's literacy skills. Nonetheless, the study also identifies various challenges commonly encountered, such as time constraints, low digital literacy among parents, and inequities in technology access. This article underscores the importance of synergy between technological and conventional approaches to create a holistic and sustainable literacy environment. It provides in-depth insights into the critical role of parental support in the digital era and offers practical recommendations to address existing barriers, ensuring that early literacy development proceeds optimally and aligns with contemporary needs. 

The social emotional development of early childhood ia an important aspect that supports the formation of their character and interaction abilities in the future. One effective way to support this development is through an interactive and fun play approach. Emoji board games are a creative medium for helping children recognize, express and manage their emotions. By using emoji symbols that are easy for children to understand, this game provides an interesting learning experience while improving children's abilities in communicating, working together and understanding other people's feelings. Apart from that, this game also helps children build self-confidence and empathy, which are important foundations in social interactions. Through a directed play process, children can develop social emotional skills optimally, so they are ready to face challenges in the family and school environment.

Biofertilizer is an environmentally friendly fertilizer, has a long release time so it can be absorbed by plants long enough, and has enzymatic activities such as binding nitrogen and dissolving phosphate. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (BPF) can dissolve phosphate that was previously unavailable to become available. This research aims to further examine the potential of BPF isolates from Kalimantan as a liquid biofertilizer agent using coconut water as a medium. The research was conducted for 3 months, from June to August 2023 at the Microbiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Tanjungpura University, Pontianak. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 8 treatments and 3 replications using the Total Plate Count method. The results of the study showed that the highest treatment is a treatment of A4 on day 6 with an average density of 9,4x108 CFU/mL. The BPF which has the highest potential as a biofertilizer is found in treatment A4, the combination bacterial isolates of Bacillus sp1 and Bacillus sp2, supported by the high population treatment of A4 during each storage. Liquid biofertilizers have many advantages compared to solid biofertilizers, including having a higher number of microbial cells, longer shelf life, greater protection against the environment and better effectiveness in the field. This study can provide information on the density of liquid biofertilizer bacteria using environmentally friendly coconut water media for the community by using phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus spp.) from West Kalimantan peat soil.

This article examines the implementation of characterieducationiin Indonesia's national curriculum asian effortito build a generation with high integrity. This literature-based research analyzes various character education models that have been implemented in the national curriculum and identifies challenges and opportunities in their implementation. The results show that character education holistically integrated into the curriculum hasia significantiimpaction developing attitudesiandibehaviors of integrity among students. Supporting factors for successful character education include teacher modeling, conducive schoolenvironments, family support, and community collaboration. The main challenges lie in the consistency of implementation, educator capacity, and evaluation of character value achievements. This article recommends strengthening project-based and experiential learning approaches, developing educator capacity, and comprehensive evaluation models to optimize the process of character formation with integrity in students.

This research explains the history of beggars in Surakarta. This topic selection was motivated by the scarcity of written studies discussing these events in local history as well as undisclosed primary sources. The problem in this research is how the history of beggars in the narrative of alms Paku Buwono X. In this thesis research, the author collects and compiles data through library research in the form of archives, books, journals, newspapers, articles, websites related to this research. The results of this study indicate that the mention of the term beggar originated from alms on Thursday by the tenth king of the Surakarta Sunanate. On Thursday, Paku Buwono X will leave the palace to see the condition of his people and give udhik-udhik to his people who are neatly lined up along the road with his hands raised. Paku Buwono X is a generous king, on Thursday Paku Buwono X will tour several places inhabited by poor people who expect from other people's gifts. The mention of the term beggar originated from the activity of giving alms on Thursday by the tenth king of the Surakarta Sunanate. On Thursday, Paku Buwono X will leave the palace to see the condition of his people and give udhik-udhik to his people who are neatly lined up along the road with his hands raised.In the Malay dictionary in 1939 there is the word kemis = day, which then becomes the word begging, begging, begging, starting from the word kemis which means Thursday, begging which means wishing for blessings on Thursday, begging by raising your hand, begging and being the beggar we know today.

This study aims to analyze the role of the State Administrative Court Procedure Law (PTUN) in protecting citizens' rights against decisions of state administrative officials that are considered detrimental. In the context of a state of law, PTUN functions as a control mechanism against actions of administrative officials that are not in accordance with the law. The research method used is a qualitative approach, with data collection through literature studies, and analysis of PTUN decision documents. The results of the study indicate that PTUN plays an important role in upholding the principles of a state of law and providing legal protection for citizens. However, there are still challenges in its implementation, such as the slow trial process, lack of public understanding of PTUN procedures, and limited access to legal aid. To overcome these challenges, an increase in the number of judges, broader legal education for the public, and better access to legal aid services are needed. In conclusion, PTUN procedural law plays a vital role in ensuring that decisions of state administrative officials can be tested and legally accounted for, thus providing effective protection for citizens.

Critical thinking skills are the basis for analyzing arguments and can develop logical thought patterns and mental activities in terms of solving problems that analyze assumptions, make decisions, and collaborate globally 4C (Critical Thinking, Creativity, Communication, & Collaborative). Very important skills that must be possessed by high school students. This study aims to determine the extent of the influence of self-efficacy, learning motivation, and student involvement on critical thinking skills in the economics subject of SMAN 01 Banjarharjo. This type of research is a quantitative approach research. Causality design. The population in this study were all students of SMAN 01 Banjarharjo majoring in social studies totaling 179 and science totaling 175 and a total of 354 students. Determination of the sample using the Slovin formula with a sample size of 123 respondents. The sampling technique in this study used a random sampling technique. The results showed that self-efficacy and learning motivation had a positive and significant effect on critical thinking skills, while student involvement in learning did not affect critical thinking skills, there was a positive and significant influence of self-efficacy, learning motivation, and student involvement on critical thinking skills. This study concludes that self-efficacy and learning motivation have a positive and significant direct effect on critical thinking skills and student involvement in learning does not have a direct effect on critical thinking skills, self-efficacy, learning motivation and student involvement have a positive and significant direct effect on critical thinking skills. The researcher suggests that students are expected to be able to improve their self-efficacy, learning motivation, and student involvement in critical thinking skills in the economic learning process and students' critical thinking skills, namely students are active in finding problems and solving. 

This study examines the cultural politics affecting Indonesian literature in the global literary arena. It analyses how literary politics, standardisation, implicit agendas, and validation systems impact international reception. The study investigates how global literary standards reshape Indonesian narratives to match international preferences, often at the expense of cultural authenticity. In addition, several works by some prominent Indonesian authors, including Toer, Anwar and Kurniawan are being analysed. Using a descriptive-qualitative approach with discourse analysis, interview and case studies, the research reveals three key findings: translation challenges for Indonesian literary works, limited international publication opportunities, and underrepresentation in global literary awards and criticism. Based on these findings, the study advocates for more inclusive literary practices to enhance Indonesian literature’s global visibility while preserving its cultural integrity.