Cyanobacteria play an important role in the evolution of the earth and biosphere. Cyanobacteria play a role in the oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans that began since the great oxidation event. These living things are the main producers in the ocean in the past and present and are the ancestors of Chloroplasts. The morphology commonly used is still difficult to read for microfossil interpretation which makes the identification of cyanobacteria in the early fossil record still ambiguous. This study was conducted to review classical and new cyanobacterial biosignatures. In addition, this study will also analyze the fossil record of cyanobacteria mentioned earlier and the challenges of molecular approaches to modern cyanobacteria. The suggestions we provide are new calibration points for molecular clocks and strategies to increase insight into the timing and patterns of cyanobacteria evolution and oxygenic photosynthesis.

Vegetative propagation is a crucial technique in horticultural cultivation aimed at improving plant quality and productivity. This study explores budding in citrus (Citrus spp.) and grafting in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) as methods of plant propagation. Budding involves attaching buds from superior varieties to compatible rootstocks, whereas grafting unites scions and rootstocks to obtain desirable traits. The research was conducted at the Horticulture Seed Center, observing the growth and success of plant unions. The results demonstrate that both techniques effectively enhance plant quality, with budding showing faster results in citrus and grafting improving avocado resilience to environmental conditions. This study provides guidance for farmers to select optimal propagation methods tailored to their plants' specific needs.

This research aims to identify lichens as bioindicators of air pollution in the area of ??the Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Campus, Bandung. Research was carried out to evaluate the amount and types of lichen present and to assess the air quality in the campus environment. In this research, observations were made of several types of lichens growing in various locations on campus. Observation results showed the presence of several types of lichens such as Dirinaria sp., Cryptothecia striata, Dirinaria picta, and Diploicia canescens. The number of colonies and morphological characteristics of each lichen type were identified to interpret the level of air pollution at each location. Observation results show that the campus has a variety of lichen types, each of which shows tolerance to different environmental conditions. Among the types found, Dirinaria sp. and Cryptothecia striata were found in relatively large numbers of colonies, while Dirinaria picta showed good adaptability even though it was found in small numbers, and Diploicia canescens indicated fairly polluted air conditions. Thus, this research concludes that lichens can be used effectively as bioindicators to monitor air quality around campus, with the number and diversity of lichen types providing an overview of overall environmental conditions.