On-task behavior problems are a common obstacle in the academic activities of school-aged children. Children often experience difficulty maintaining attention, are easily distracted, and exhibit frequent shifts of attention during learning. This has the potential to lead to decreased academic achievement and increased impulsive behavior. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the shaping behavior modification technique in increasing the duration of on-task behavior. The subject of the study was a 4-year-old boy who exhibited attention problems while working on academic tasks. The research design used a one-group pretest-posttest design with a single-subject approach using an A-B-A data collection model. Data collection was carried out using a duration data sheet to measure the duration of on-task behavior through direct observation. Data analysis was conducted by comparing the average duration of on-task behavior before and after the intervention. The results showed that the shaping technique did not provide a significant increase in the duration of on-task behavior. Although there were fluctuations in the duration of increases and decreases during the intervention phase, these results were not sufficient to prove the effectiveness of shaping in this context. These findings indicate that the shaping approach is less than optimal when applied alone, and that additional intervention methods or other alternatives are needed that are more appropriate to the characteristics and needs of the child. This research provides implications for the importance of selecting appropriate and adaptive behavioral intervention techniques to help children improve focus and engagement in academic activities.
 

This study aims to describe the level of resilience in former drug addicts and analyze its influence on their recovery and social reintegration process. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, data were collected through a questionnaire based on Grotberg’s theory consisting of 48 items. Five participants who had abstained from drugs for approximately two years were involved in this research. The results showed that most participants had high to very high levels of resilience. External factors such as family support and economic conditions, as well as internal factors like self-awareness and future-oriented motivation, significantly contributed to increased resilience. This study emphasizes the crucial role of resilience in helping former drug addicts endure challenging times and prevent relapse.

Digital transformation has fundamentally changed the marketing strategies of higher education institutions, requiring universities to adapt to increasingly fierce competition. This article aims to conceptually examine the role of digital marketing in shaping institutional image and increasing interest in enrollment, with a focus on Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai. The study was conducted through a qualitative descriptive conceptualization approach by reviewing literature and previous research results. The results of the study indicate that digital marketing makes a significant contribution to the formation of campus image through digital channels such as social media, websites, and visual content. As much as 57% of the data shows a strong correlation between digital marketing and institutional image, and 47% of the data shows a strong correlation with interest in enrollment. A consistent, interactive, and value-based digital communication strategy has been shown to strengthen brand awareness, increase audience engagement, and shape positive perceptions of the university. Therefore, digital marketing not only functions as a promotional tool, but also as a strategic instrument in building the competitiveness of higher education in the digital era.

Indonesia is a multicultural country facing serious challenges related to intolerance, social conflict, and identity polarization. This study aims to examine the strategic role of Civic Education as a means of strengthening national insight in building a tolerant society. Using a qualitative approach through literature review methods, this research analyzes various relevant sources on education, tolerance, and nationalism. The results show that Civic Education contributes to shaping students’ democratic character, inclusiveness, and appreciation of diversity. It not only transfers civic knowledge but also instills social skills and human values. However, challenges in implementation remain, such as cognitively-centered curricula and the negative influence of digital technology. Therefore, a contextual learning approach that emphasizes real-life experiences and active student participation is needed. The findings indicate the importance of synergy between schools, families, and communities in creating a conducive environment for nurturing tolerant attitudes. The implications of this research highlight the need to revitalize Civic Education as a key medium for building a peaceful, inclusive, and civilized nation amid complex social dynamics.

Diabetes adalah ancaman utama bagi kesehatan penduduk dunia yang saat ini merupakan penyebab utama kematian pada penduduk dunia yang berusia kurang dari 60 tahun. Dengan menggunakan Machine Learning diharapkan mampu memprediksi diabetes. Dengan menggunakan dataset Pima Indians Diabetes (PIMA Dataset). Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan 2 Algoritma dan 1 Algoritma yang dioptimasi. Pengujian Pertama Menggunakan Support Vector Machine (SVM), Pengujian Kedua menggunakan Deep Neural Network (DNN)  dan Pengujian Ketiga menggunakan DNN yang dikombinakan dengan Particle Swarm Optimize (PSO). Pemilihan data yang digunakan sebagai training dilakukan dengan menggunakan Non-Random Sampling. Dalam Penelitian ini pengujian pertama dengan menggunakan SVM dengan melakukan pengujian tanpa menggunakan kernel dan menggunakan kernel Linear, Sigmoid, Polynomial dan Radial Basis Function (RBF). Untuk Pengujian Kedua dilakukan dengan menggunakan DNN tanpa menggunakan Optimaliasi atau DNN original dengan dilakukan penggujian dengan jumlah hidden layer 2 dan jumlah neuron 8 sampai 10 pada setiap hidden layer. Pengujian Ketiga dilakukan dengan menggunakan DNN yang dioptimalisasi dengan menggunakan PSO. Pada Pengujian Ketiga dilakukan penggujian dengan jumlah hidden layer 2 dan jumlah neuron 8 sampai 10 pada setiap hidden layer. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa DNN yang dioptimasi dengan PSO mampu memberikan akurasi tertinggi dengan jumlah hidden layer 1 sebanyak 9 node dan jumlah hidden layer 2 sebanyak 8 node dengan jumlah iterasi pada PSO sebanyak 166 iterasi.

One of the efforts that can be made in order to reduce the stunting rate that occurs in toddlers is through the provision of supplementary food (PMT). Stunting is a problem related to nutrition caused by a lack of fulfillment of nutritional needs due to inadequate food intake. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide socialization regarding the provision of supplementary food (PMT) for toddlers. The target of this activity is as many as 50 mothers and their toddlers who fall into the stunting category in Mentor Villages who are selected based on data from village midwives in each hamlet. Several menus were distributed during the Socialization of Additional Menus (PMT), including Moringa leaf pudding, pumpkin pudding, dragon fruit creamy jelly, chicken martabak, and chicken dumplings. The research method used in this study went through 4 stages, namely observation, planning, outreach and evaluation. The data collection technique uses a questionnaire method in the form of a pre-test. The sampling results show that 1.) the majority of mothers have paid attention to the nutritional composition of toddlers, 2) the majority of mothers are still not consistent in paying attention to the amount and type of food ingredients given to toddlers, 3) the majority of mothers under five are able to make varied and interesting food for consumption by toddlers, but not routinely done every day, 4) the majority of mothers have paid attention to their children's food patterns on a daily basis, 5) the majority of mothers have carried out good supervision and assistance in terms of food for their children his son.