Pain is an unpleasant sensation that can interfere with an individual's quality of life and requires effective management. Synthetic analgesics such as ketorolac, codeine, etoricoxib, and celecoxib are commonly used to relieve pain, but long-term use can cause adverse side effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances, dependence, and cardiovascular risks. Therefore, it is important to find safer, natural alternatives. One promising alternative is the extract of the dragon’s tail leaf (Rhaphidophora pinnata), a plant traditionally used in Indonesian medicine as a pain reliever. This study aims to evaluate and compare the analgesic effects of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract with several synthetic drugs using the writhing test on male mice (Mus musculus). The mice were induced with pain by injecting a 0.5% acetic acid solution. The treatments included ketorolac, codeine, etoricoxib, celecoxib, and Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract. The results showed that all treatments, including both synthetic drugs and Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract, produced significant analgesic effects compared to the negative control (Na CMC 0.5%). Ketorolac showed the highest effectiveness, followed by codeine, etoricoxib, and celecoxib. Although the Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract showed potential as a natural analgesic, its effectiveness varied among individual test animals. Some mice showed a better response to the leaf extract, but overall, the analgesic effect was still lower than that of synthetic drugs. These findings support the use of medicinal plants as a safer alternative to synthetic analgesic drugs. Moreover, this study provides a foundation for further research aimed at isolating active compounds from Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract to develop more effective and safer pain-relieving medications.

ABSTRACT
The growth of the both traditional and fast-food culinary sector has been rapid and to maintain consumer satisfaction, it is a crucial factor for determining the progress of culinary business growth. Therefore, the objective of the study is to examine the influence of prices, promotions, and quality of service on consumer satisfaction at McDonald's Restaurant Semarang. The data was collected through the completion of questionnaires and it was analysed by using the double linear regression. The research findings indicate that the factors of price, promotion, and quality of service affect significant impact on consumer satisfaction at McDonald's Restaurant Semarang. Through the partial test, it revealed that consumer satisfaction is significantly impacted by both promotion and quality of the service, while the price has no significant influence on customer satisfaction.
 
ABSTRAK
Perkembangan industri kuliner terjadi dengan sangat pesat dan tidak terbatas pada makanan tradisional, namun juga restoran cepat saji. Kepuasan konsumen menjadi indikator penting dalam menentukan arah pengembangan bisnis kuliner. Tujuan riset ini ialah guna menganalisis dampak harga, promosi, dan kualitas pelayanan akan kepuasan konsumen restoran McDonald’s Semarang. Data diperoleh dari pengisian kuisioner dan dianalisis menggunakan regresi linear berganda. Keluaran penelitian mengunjukkan bahwa harga, promosi, dan kualitas pelayanan mempunyai dampak signifikan secara simultan akan kepuasan konsumen restoran McDonald’s Semarang. Uji Parsial (Uji t) mendapati bahwa promosi dan kualitas pelayanan mempunyai dampak signifikan akan kepuasan konsumen sementara harga tidak mempunyai dampak signifikan akan kepuasan konsumen.