Each person has a different character, especially within the scope of the school, all students have different behavior and characteristics, so a Pai teacher plays a very important role in improving the honorable morals of each student at Dharma Utama Middle School, Sukasari village. In improving the quality of students' morals towards anyone, a PAI teacher educates and instills nobility by using interesting learning methods so that students do not get bored and fed up. A pai teacher most importantly instills the qualities of honesty, patience in students in studying, and in learning the pai teacher is also required to understand various learning methods so that students are active, responsible and disciplined. Slowly, lazy students will think, their hearts will be touched if the method applied is appropriate and relevant for every student at Dharma Utama Middle School. The first method used is a direct learning strategy and the second is cooperative learning (creating groups in learning). 

Drama can be said to be a realistic depiction of a character's life. Culture itself is the customs, traditions and beliefs that exist in society so that culture is always present in drama. Life values ??also do not escape drama elements, one of which is in the drama ????? (t?ut?u cáng bù zhù). This research aims to describe the cultural values ??contained in the drama ????? (t?ut?u cáng bù zhù) based on Edwar Djamaris' theory, and describe the cultural symbols contained in the drama ????? (t?ut?u cáng bù zhù) using theory Charles Sanders Pierce's semiotics in two sides, namely signs and objects. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research using note-taking techniques. Data collection uses note-taking techniques and the results of previous research, journals, books and other documents regarding cultural values. Data analysis techniques use data reduction, data display and drawing conclusions. The result is that there are five cultural values ??contained in the drama ????? (t?ut?u cáng bù zhù) based on the theory of cultural values ??by Edwar Djamaris, namely the cultural value of human relationship with God, the cultural value of human relationship with society, the cultural value of human relationship with self. itself, the cultural value of human relations with humans, and the cultural value of human relations with nature. Researchers also found six cultural symbols contained in the drama ????? (t?ut?u cáng bù zhù) based on semiotic theory by Charles Sanders Pierce, namely red ornaments, lanterns, paper sticks, red packets, Chinese knots, and the writing ?. 

This study aims to analyze the translation of the meaning and aesthetics of the subtitles of the drama When We Were Young (???????) aired on the YouTube channel WeTV Indonesia, as well as discuss the translation of this drama as a literary work. The main focus of this study is to understand how the translator overcame linguistic and cultural challenges in translating the dialog-drama which is full of Chinese idioms and cultural expressions into Indonesian. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design to analyze the subtitle texts. The data used are purposively selected drama subtitles from several episodes that contain idiomatic and metaphorical elements. Literary translation theories, such as equivalence theory by Nida (1964), domestication vs. foreignization theory by Venuti (1995), and audiovisual translation theory by Gottlieb (1994), are applied in this analysis to explore how translators balance between fidelity to the source text and the limitations of subtitle space. The study found that translators often adopt a domestication approach to ease the understanding of Indonesian audiences, while still trying to maintain the original aesthetics and cultural nuances of the source text. The findings make an important contribution to the study of literary translation, especially in the context of audiovisual translation which requires attention to linguistic and cultural aspects simultaneously.

This research looks at the part of politeness strategies in cross-cultural communication, concentrating on Asian, European, and African cultures. A qualitative approach was used, and data were gathered through intercultural dialogues and interviews with 30 participants. The results show important cultural differences in using positive and negative politeness strategies. Asian cultures focused on indirectness, honorifics, and non-verbal cues to preserve harmony and hierarchical respect, while European cultures combined directness with mitigation methods like humor and politeness markers. African cultures used inclusive language, storytelling, and indirectness to build group cohesion. This study emphasizes the significance of intercultural competence for handling cultural differences and enhancing communication in various environments. 
 

Appropriated artwork refers to the practice of using pre-existing objects or images into new works of art with little or no significant changes to the original form. This trend developed into the Pop Art movement, where one of the characteristic features was the use of images from mass media, as seen in the works of Andy Warhol, including the transformation of Campbell's soup cans into iconic works of art. Although widely appreciated, this work has drawn criticism regarding copyright infringement, raising the question: where do one artist's rights draw on another? To what extent is the appropriation of copyright protected works considered legal without violating the rights of the original creator?
The research results show that the two legal systems differ significantly in the aspects of exclusive rights, moral rights, protected works, exceptions, and duration of protection. The challenge in understanding fair use lies in determining the boundaries between the rights of one artist and another. The fair use doctrine assesses four main factors: the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the original work, the proportion of the work used, and the impact on the market. Courts in the US often favor fair use if elements of transformation are identified, measuring the extent to which the appropriated work carries elements of originality or new creativity. Indonesia could consider adopting the fair use doctrine by adapting the concept through ministerial regulations or other implementing regulations.

Early reading is an important foundation in mastering language skills, especially for first grade elementary school students. Problems that often arise at this stage include difficulty in recognizing letters, arranging letters into words, and pronunciation and understanding simple reading. This study aims to analyze the early reading skills of first grade students in terms of cognitive and psychomotor aspects, and to identify factors that hinder their achievement. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach with test instruments to assess cognitive abilities and observations to assess psychomotor skills. The subjects of the study consisted of five first grade students. The results showed that most students had very good cognitive abilities in early reading, but their psychomotor abilities tended to be low. A gap was found between theoretical understanding and practical skills of students. This finding emphasizes the importance of a balanced and holistic learning strategy so that students not only understand conceptually, but are also able to apply reading skills in real life.

This study aims to describe the dynamics of school leadership at a primary school affected by limited leadership experience and health-related constraints. Using a descriptive qualitative approach and in-depth interviews with several teachers, the findings reveal that the principal adopts a situational leadership style characterized by flexible and delegative practices. The principal places significant trust in senior teachers to carry out daily operational functions and decision-making processes. While this strategy fosters teacher autonomy and ensures the continuity of school activities, it also reveals weaknesses in supervision, quality control, and the symbolic presence of leadership. The lack of direct supervision results in unclear performance evaluations and weak program coordination. The study concludes that the effectiveness of situational leadership relies heavily on the strength of interpersonal relationships among staff and the existence of supportive internal systems. It is recommended that the principal strengthen the management team and establish a more structured communication system to sustain leadership quality and educational standards.

In the era of globalization that is full of challenges, the ability to think critically is becoming increasingly relevant. This research aims to examine how the integration of the trilogy of soul aspects (rasa, cipta, and karsa) in the learning process can foster critical thinking character in the younger generation. Through literature review and case studies, this research will identify learning strategies that are effective in stimulating students' critical thinking skills, as well as analyze their influence on overall character development. The results of the research are expected to contribute to the development of a more holistic curriculum and teaching practices, so as to produce a young generation that is not only intellectually intelligent, but also has a strong and competitive character. The formation of critical thinking character does not only involve the teaching and learning process in the classroom, but also needs to be balanced with real experiences outside the academic environment. Through a holistic approach, it is hoped that the younger generation will be able to develop critical thinking skills that are not only useful in the context of education, but also in everyday life. Education based on this trilogy of aspects of the soul will provide a strong foundation for young people to face global challenges and contribute positively to society. This trilogy includes intellectual understanding, emotional and values development, and practical skills that support each other. By integrating these three aspects, education will not only shape individuals who are intellectually intelligent, but also have social awareness and adaptability in a changing society. Character education has become a central issue in education today. This research proposes that integrating the trilogy of aspects of the soul can be an effective approach in building critical thinking character in the younger generation. By stimulating the trilogy aspects in a balanced manner, it is expected that they will be able to develop critical thinking skills that are not only logic-based, but also based on moral values and empathy. This research will test this hypothesis through experiments or case studies at an educational institution.

The 21st century is marked by rapid technological developments, increasingly open global access, and increasing complexity in social life. This requires significant changes in the education system, especially in terms of the role and competence of teachers. Therefore, teachers are required to be able to adapt to the times, including in terms of the use of technology that continues to develop. In this era, teachers need to master technology well, for example by creating ICT-based learning media, utilizing learning applications, and various other forms of innovation. This study uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. This article emphasizes that to face the challenges of education in the 21st century, teachers are not enough to only act as conveyors of material. Teachers must also be able to be facilitators, guides, and innovators in the teaching and learning process. With this broader role, teachers are expected to be able to improve the quality of basic education and respond to the needs of the times effectively.

Social media has become an important part of modern society, including in Indonesia. Its rapid development has a significant influence on various aspects of life, one of which is language. The influence of social media on the development of the Indonesian language is often seen from the emergence of new terms, the use of informal language, and the simplification of sentence structures. Language changes influenced by social media raise concerns about the decline in the ability to speak good and correct Indonesian, especially among the younger generation. This study aims to determine the influence of social media on the development of the Indonesian language among teenagers. The findings include the entry of absorption from foreign languages, especially English. Words such as "selfie", "hashtag", "viral", and "followers" are examples of new vocabulary that originally came from English but are now widely used by Indonesian speakers. The influence of social media on the development of vocabulary in Indonesian can also be seen from the use of abbreviations and acronyms. Due to character limitations on some platforms such as Twitter, users often use abbreviations to express themselves.