This research examines North Korea's violation of the principle of good faith under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and its legal consequences. The main issue addressed in this study is North Korea’s breach of the good faith principle within the framework of the NPT, which raises legal implications regarding its status and obligations as a party to the treaty. Although North Korea was formally bound by the NPT, it secretly developed a nuclear weapons program, demonstrating non-compliance with the fundamental principle of international treaty implementation. This issue was further exacerbated by its refusal to allow inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its unilateral withdrawal from the NPT, which has sparked debate over the legitimacy and legality of such action.Using a normative juridical approach, this study analyzes North Korea’s clandestine development of nuclear weapons while still a member of the NPT, as well as the validity of its withdrawal from the treaty. The findings show that North Korea violated the principle of good faith through its secret nuclear program, refusal of IAEA inspections, and withdrawal that did not meet the requirements of Article X of the NPT. The withdrawal may be deemed invalid as it was conducted in bad faith and without fulfilling the treaty's formal provisions. The legal consequences include the continued applicability of obligations under the NPT and state responsibility for breaches of international law. Ideal forms of accountability include the cessation of the nuclear program, payment of reparations, guarantees of non-repetition, and renewed compliance with NPT provisions through verifiable denuclearization.

Listrik merupakan kebutuhan vital bagi kehidupan sehari-hari. Saat ini, sumber listrik utama berasal dari PLN. Namun, seringkali terjadi pemadaman sehingga mengganggu aktivitas khususnya pada rumah tinggal. Untuk mengatasinya, diperlukan sistem yang dapat mengalihkan sumber listrik secara otomatis ke sumber alternatif lainnya. Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) adalah solusi untuk menjaga kontinuitas aliran listrik. ATS akan mengalihkan sumber listrik dari PLN ke sumber alternatif aki yang merupakan hasil dari sistem PLTS ketika terjadi pemadaman. Teknologi ATS terus berkembang, salah satu penyempurnaannya adalah penggunaan Zelio sebagai unit kontrol. Untuk meningkatkan efisiensi energi dan keandalan pasokan listrik, tim pengusul mencoba meminimalisir delay yang dibutuhkan dalam pergantian sumber listrik tersebut dengan pengaturan settingan sistem software dan meminimalisir lonjakan tegangan menggunakan Stabilizer. Dengan demikian memungkinkan waktu reaksi yang dibutuhkan dalam transfer energi menjadi lebih cepat.

The digitalization era is developing rapidly in Indonesia. The pandemic that occurred accelerated digital transformation in various fields. Various digital platforms were developed to support the continuity of education during the pandemic so that they could develop digital skills and improve the status of digital literacy in Indonesia. In addition to the positive impacts, there are also negative impacts from the development of digital transformation. The National Cyber and Crypto Polytechnic which focuses on information security is committed to encouraging increased digital skills and literacy in the surrounding community. Therefore, this time the National Cyber and Crypto Polytechnic located in Bogor Regency began to focus on developing digital skills and literacy among high school students or equivalent in Bogor Regency. The students' digital literacy status was first measured and then the right program or activity was determined to develop their digital skills and literacy. The digital literacy status was measured based on four pillars, Pillar 1 Digital Skill, Pillar 2 Digital Ethics, Pillar 3 Digital Safety, and Pillar 4 Digital Culture. Data collection was carried out by giving questionnaires to 276 high school students or equivalent who used the internet in Bogor Regency. Students give a score to each statement and then the score will be calculated as an average per pillar. The digital literacy index is obtained from the average score of all pillars. The digital literacy index result is 3.14 which is higher than the West Java digital literacy index of 2.78. In addition, pillar 2 Digital Ethic has the lowest score among the four pillars so that the next program is expected to aim to increase this score.

Pembelajaran di era revolusi industri 4.0 harus dapat mempersiapkan generasi muda untuk dapat mengembangkan kemajuan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Jumlah pengguna smartphone di Indonesia diperkirakan akan terus meningkat memunculkan potensi penerapan media pembelajaran berbasisi mobile learning yang dapat menerapkan teknologi Artificial intelligence salah satunya adalah Natural language processing berupa Chatbot dengan model ChatGPT tetapi terdapat beberapa tantangan dalam penerapannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran terintegrasi Artificial intelligence Natural language processing berbasis mobile dengan framework flutter pada materi energi terbarukan yang dapat mengatasi tantangan dalam penerapan Natural language processing pada proses pembelajaran, kelayakan media pembelajaran, kepraktisannya, serta kelebihan yang dimiliki media pembelajaran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan dengan model 4-D yang dibatasi hingga tahap development. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMAN 4 Semarang pada peserta didik kelas E.X-3, E.X-8, dan E.X-10. Hasil uji validitas ahli untuk materi dan media memperoleh kategori sangat baik dengan nilai rata-rata berturut-turut adalah 4,5 dan 4,67. Hasil uji pengembangan menunjukkan nilai rata-rata 1,656 dengan kategori evaluasi positif atau dinyatakan praktis. Kelebihan dari media pembelajaran yangdikembangkan diantaranya memiliki tampilan User Interface yang menarik, memiliki performa yang baik, serta memiliki kualitas hedonis dan pragmatis yang masuk dalam kategori baik.

This study analyzes demographic data from regencies/cities in Central Kalimantan Province, including population, population growth rate, population percentage, population density per km², and sex ratio. The results of the analysis show significant differences between regencies/cities, with population growth rates ranging from 0.98% to 1.97% per year. The highest population density was recorded in East Barito, while Lamandau had the lowest density. The sex ratio tends to show a male dominance, with Lamandau having the highest ratio. These findings provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities in development planning, as well as the need to design policies that are in accordance with the demographic characteristics of each region. A deeper understanding of this data is expected to support more effective policies in population management and development in Central Kalimantan.

Redox and electrochemistry are materials that students consider difficult. One of the difficulties experienced by students is in balancing redox reactions using the oxidation number method. This condition is exacerbated by learning activities that must be carried out from home, resulting in low student motivation and learning outcomes. Therefore, innovative learning methods are needed but are still effective if applied online. One learning model that can be applied is STEM-PjBL, which is based on blended learning. The research aims to determine the differences in motivation and learning outcomes of students who are taught using the STEM-PjBL learning model based on blended learning and the lecture learning model. This research is quasi-experimental and uses a post-test-only control design research design. The research population was students of class XII Science at SMAN 5 Malang in the 2021/2022 academic year. The sample was class XII G and H, totaling 63 people by purposive sampling. The data collected include student learning outcomes, cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects, and student motivation questionnaires. The research results show differences in learning outcomes and motivation between students who apply the STEM-PjBL learning model and those who apply conventional learning. Student responses to using STEM-PjBL-based learning models and media were 41% very happy, 50% liked it, and 9% quite good.

Penyalahgunaan smartphone dan penurunan minat belajar peserta didik menjadi permasalahan yang serius pasca Covid 19. Hal ini terjadi karena pesatnya perkembangan teknologi tidak diimbangi dengan kontrol guru dan orang tua saat proses pembelajaran. Akibatnya, peserta didik menggunakan smartphone untuk kegiatan yang kurang bermanfaat. Permasalahan ini membutuhkan kreativitas guru agar kegiatan pembelajaran dapat menarik minat peserta didik. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian pengembangan media pembelajaran berbasis Android dengan model Problem Based Learning  (PBL) menggunakan Powerpoint terintegrasi iSpring Suite. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode research & development (R&D) dengan model 4D. Subjek penelitian ini yaitu dosen sebagai validator ahli, guru sebagai validator praktisi, dan peserta didik sebagai responden. Kelayakan media ini dinilai oleh seorang dosen, dua orang guru, dan 37 peserta didik kelas XI IPA 1 dan XI IPA 2 SMA Negeri 1 Sukorejo. Penilaian dosen menunjukkan hasil layak pada ketiga aspek, respon guru menunjukkan hasil sangat layak pada dua aspek dan layak pada satu aspek, respon peserta didik menunjukkan hasil sangat layak untuk tiga aspek. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa media pembelajaran yang dikembangkan layak digunakan sebagai upaya mengatasi permasalahan rendahnya minat belajar peserta didik terhadap kegiatan pembelajaran yang disebabkan oleh perkembangan teknologi.

This study aims to examine how Ubrug Banten learning can optimize learners' development. Ubrug Banten is a cultural practice that originated and evolved within the community of Banten. The research adopts a descriptive qualitative methodology with an ethnographic approach. It seeks to illustrate the Ubrug Banten phenomenon and its potential contributions to education in Indonesia. The study employed interviews, observations, and documentation as data collection methods. The data were analyzed using reduction, presentation, and decision-making techniques. The findings indicate that Ubrug Banten aligns with the criteria of ethnopedagogy. Additionally, this cultural practice holds valuable lessons that can be imparted to learners. Based on these insights, the researchers proposed ways to integrate Ubrug Banten into ethnic-based learning to optimize learners' development. This integration can be achieved through role-playing methods and incorporating 21st-century competencies.

The purpose of the study is to create and improve performance both subjectively and objectively even under challenges, overcoming stress, anxiety and decisions related to match situations. The results of the community service research of 8 Pelatda rowing athletes on Resilience: 5 athletes in the high category, 3 athletes in the very high category. On Psychological Tension: 1 athlete in the high category, 7 athletes in the very high category. On Mental Skills: 4 athletes in the high category, 4 athletes in the very high category. Discussion on Resilience, athletes are given recommendations: high and very high categories, then Maintain the ability and skills in managing emotions, tension, and adapting to various situations, On Psychological Tension, athletes are given recommendations: Need to practice controlling emotions, thinking practically, focusing on the match, and thinking positively. If you really can't do it independently, you should contact the psychological team to get counseling related to this. Mental Skills athletes are given recommendations: Maintain the ability and skills in managing thoughts, and adapting to various situations.

Pembelajaran idealnya tidak hanya menghafal konsep dan mengabaikan pemikiran siswa namun harus mampu memberi pemahaman yang baik melalui pembelajaran bermakna. Penerapan tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui beberapa strategi salah satunya kegiatan ’farming nilai’. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kegiatan ‘farming nilai’ sebagai implementasi pembelajaran bermakna. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel penelitian siswa kelas X, XI dan XII di SMA Islam Al Azhar 14 Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dalam mendeskripsikan data yang ada. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa kegiatan ’farming nilai’ membentuk kegiatan kompetisi dalam kelas yang berdampak pada keaktifan siswa di kelas dan lebih lanjut pada motivasi siswa. Selanjutnya kegiatan ’farming nilai’ juga berusaha mengaitkan pengetahuan yang sudah ada berupa pengalaman dengan pengetahuan baru yang akan mereka pelajari sehingga akan membentuk pemaknaan pada pengetahuan baru dan kemampuan berpikir mandiri siswa. Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan ’farming nilai’ mampu meningkatkan fokus, motivasi, dan kemampuan berpikir mandiri melalui kegiatan kuis di dalamnya.