Poverty is a multidimensional problem that is not only related to economic aspects, but also social, cultural, and political, which affects the welfare of poor families. The Family Hope Program (PKH) in Makassar City is designed as a conditional social assistance program that aims to improve the welfare of poor families through the provision of financial assistance and increased access to basic services. This study aims to explore the role of social companions in building trust, factors that affect the participation of poor families, and obstacles in the implementation of PKH. The method used was descriptive qualitative with subjects of 10 beneficiary families and 3 social companions, data was collected through semi-structured interviews and participatory observations, then analyzed thematically using an inductive approach. The results of the study show that social companions play a crucial role as communication mediators who build trust through an empathetic and familial approach, which strengthens the sense of belonging to the program. Family participation is influenced by social capital, local cultural norms, education levels, as well as bureaucratic constraints and access to services. Barriers such as social stigma, complicated bureaucracy, and limited companion training hinder the effectiveness of the program. Habermas's theory of communicative action and Durkheim's social solidarity support the finding that open dialogue and harmonious relationships between companions and families are key to successful social empowerment. It was concluded that strengthening the capacity of companions, simplifying bureaucracy, and increasing participatory dialogue spaces are needed to increase the effectiveness and sustainability of PKH in Makassar.

International airports are complex work environments with unique occupational health and safety risks. As hubs of intensive transportation activities, airports involve various operations, including flight services, passenger handling, cargo management, and fuel operations. Early detection of fuel leaks is crucial to ensure the aircraft’s fuel system is free from leaks, blockages, or potential fire hazards. This study aims to analyze the causes of fuel leakage and identify appropriate mitigation measures, using observation and literature review methods. The findings indicate that fuel leakage occurring while the aircraft is parked suggests damage to certain fuel system components, such as seal gaskets, sealants, and dome nuts, which may suffer from wear or cracking due to age-related degradation. Such damage poses serious risks, including fire hazards, corrosion to aircraft structures—particularly in hard-to-reach areas like the wings or fuselage—and a drop in fuel pressure that could impair engine performance or cause flight cancellations. To address these issues, thorough inspections of all fuel system components are essential. Additionally, the use of sensors to detect abnormal changes in fuel pressure and flow, combined with rigorous leak testing after repairs, is recommended to ensure operational safety and reliability.

Students' understanding of mathematical concepts is still a challenge, especially in solving problems that require procedural and conceptual understanding, such as on the topic of circles. This study aims to analyze the types of errors made by students in solving mathematical problems on the topic of circles using the Newman's Error Analysis (NEA) procedure. The approach to this study is descriptive qualitative, conducted at SD 050661 Kwala Bingai with 20 subjects of grade VI-A. Data were collected through written tests and analyzed using five stages of NEA: reading errors, understanding, transformation, process skills, and writing final answers. The results of the study showed that most students made errors at the stages of understanding, transformation, and process skills. Factors causing errors include lack of conceptual understanding, procedural errors, and inaccuracy in solving problems. The conclusion of this study shows the need for an active role for teachers in identifying and overcoming student errors through appropriate teaching methods, especially on the topic of circles. This study is expected to provide an overview for teachers in designing appropriate learning strategies to improve students' understanding of mathematical concepts.

Handling natural disaster victims requires a fast, precise, and fair aid distribution process. In this context, expert systems can be utilized as a decision-making tool in determining the type and amount of aid that should be given to victims. This article develops a desktop-based expert system using the Java programming language, which is able to calculate the type of aid based on the condition of the victim, the level of damage, and the number of affected family members. The method used is a rule-based expert system with if-then logic. The results show that this system can assist field officers in accelerating the calculation and distribution of aid.

This research aims to describe the application of law number 16 of 2019 concerning amendments to law number i of 1974 concerning marriage regarding marriage dispensations in the Tuban religious courts. This research is qualitative research with a type of field research. Data collection techniques use interviews, observation and documentation. Analysis uses data reduction. data display and drawing conclusions. checking is done by data triangulation. The results of this research are that the Tuban religious court has implemented law number 16 of 2019 after the law was passed. With steps to provide outreach to the government concerned and the community. However, requests for marriage dispensation increased to 57% after the enactment of Law No. 16 of 2019, therefore it can be said that the implementation of Law No. 16 of 2019 is still not effective.
 
 

This study examines the comparative analysis of customary law and positive law in the context of harmonizing public policy in Indonesia. The main objective is to explore the characteristics of each legal system and their interaction in the formulation of inclusive policies. Customary law, rooted in traditional norms, plays a significant role at the local level, while positive law focuses on formal regulations applied at the national level. Through literature review and analysis, this research identifies key aspects of both legal systems and their contributions to the harmonization of public policy. The findings indicate that the integration of customary law and positive law can strengthen fair and inclusive policies at various levels of governance.

This research focuses on optimising precise Brushless DC (BLDC) motor speed control using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. The fundamental problem lies in the performance of PID control, which is highly dependent on the accuracy of determining its gain parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd), where manual tuning methods often do not provide satisfactory results. Therefore, the objective of this study is to apply the Ziegler-Nichols systematic method to the PID control tuning process for BLDC motors and then evaluate the performance of the resulting system based on key response time parameters such as rise time, settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error. The proposed method involves designing a mathematical model of the BLDC motor and applying the Ziegler-Nichols technique, specifically the Ultimate Oscillation Method, to systematically derive the values of Ku and Pu which are then used to calculate Kp (5.1), Ki (22.7), and Kd (0.29). The main findings show a dramatic performance improvement in the BLDC speed control system after the implementation of the tuned PID; the rise time is significantly reduced from 0.3728 seconds (without PID) to 0.0041 seconds, the settling time improves from 0.6642 seconds to 0.0073 seconds, and most importantly, the steady-state error of 45.38% is eliminated to 0%.  The main idea synthesis is that the Ziegler-Nichols method provides an effective and practical approach to PID parameter optimization, resulting in a highly responsive, accurate and stable BLDC motor control system. In conclusion, this study successfully demonstrates that applying a PID controller with parameters determined via the Ziegler-Nichols method significantly improves the speed control quality of a BLDC motor, overcoming the steady-state error problem and substantially improving the transient response characteristics.

This study aims to examine the implementation of Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2014 concerning the Protection and Empowerment of Farmers and Fish Farmers in Sidoarjo Regency. Focusing on Gisik Cemandi Village as the case study, this research employs a qualitative descriptive approach with Grindle’s policy implementation theory as the main analytical framework. The findings reveal that while various programs such as skill training, fuel subsidies, fishing equipment aid, and institutional strengthening have been carried out, there are still obstacles in equitable distribution, budget constraints, and continuity of the programs. Nevertheless, strong inter-agency coordination, responsiveness of the implementers, and active participation from the fishermen community contributed positively to the overall implementation. This study underscores the importance of aligning public policy with community needs to achieve sustainable development in coastal areas.

In today’s era, the use of renewable energy is increasingly becoming a major focus in energy increasingly becoming carbon emissions. One of the applications of renewable energy in industrial life is the use of solar panels for street lighting systems, especially on toll road lights that  require continuous and efficient lighting. This study aims to analyze the basic theory of how solar panels work an their application to toll road lights, taking into account energy efficiency, power deviation, and stability of electricity supply. The analysis method is carried out through literature studies and mathematical calculation in the application of solar panels to toll road lights. The result of the analysis show that the solar panle system is able to meet the energy needs of toll road lights, especially in areas with high sunlight intensity. In addition, the use if lithium batteries as energy storage has proven effective in maintaining the stability of electricity supply at night or in cloudy weather

Gifted students have varying learning characteristics and learning needs. In this respect, adapted support to their skills and learning characteristics during academic activities plays a key role in engaging in learning activities and achieving learning goals. Accordingly, this study focuses on teachers' support of adaptivity competencies during microteaching from the perspective of both gifted and nongifted students. To this end, a descriptive comparative method was adopted, and gifted (n=124) and non-gifted (n=205) students joined the study. An adapted version of the Questionnaire on Teachers’ Support Adaptivity was employed for collecting data. Data were quantitatively analysed including MANOVA and ANOVA. The results revealed that both groups perceived the support they received from teachers as slightly above and below average, meaning that teachers were not competent. In deep analysis, results indicated a significant difference between the two groups, but no difference between girls and boys. That is, gifted students are more disadvantaged than nongifted students since their teachers lack strategies in adapting their support to meet the different academic needs of their students. This study recommends that teachers need pre-service or in-service training to offer quality and appropriate support for gifted students, which is crucial in achieving learning goals.