Hikayat Malem Diwa is one of the classic literary works in the Malay-Aceh tradition that is rich in language and cultural values. This story contains various language styles, especially euphemisms and dysphemisms, which reflect social norms, moral values, and conflict dynamics in Acehnese society. This study aims to identify and analyze the forms and functions of these two language styles, emphasizing their semantic and narrative roles. Using a semantic approach and qualitative descriptive methods, data were collected through quotations in the text with documentation techniques, then analyzed based on the context of meaning and use. The results show that euphemisms are often used to convey moral values ??and politeness, especially in terms of death, respect, and violation of norms. In contrast, dysphemisms appear in the context of violence and character conflict, strengthening the tension and emotion of the story. Overall, the use of these language styles reflects the rhetorical strategies and cultural values ??of the Acehnese people.

Learning styles play an important role in influencing how students receive learning provided by teachers. This study aims to identify students' learning styles during the learning process at the elementary school level. Using a qualitative approach, this study describes and explains the variations in students' learning styles. The results of the study showed that students in grade IV of SDN 19 Nan Sabaris have various learning styles, where 21.43% of students discuss auditory learning styles, 64.29% visual learning styles, and 11.29% kinesthetic learning styles. From these results, it can be concluded that the most dominant learning style is the visual learning style, which shows that students find it easier to understand learning materials through what they see compared to what they hear. Therefore, it is important for teachers to understand students' learning styles in order to determine the right strategies and media in learning activities. In addition, parents are also expected to be able to create a conducive learning environment according to the needs of their children, so that the learning process becomes more effective.

Reading ability is a fundamental skill that plays a crucial role in education, as it significantly contributes to students’ academic achievement and intellectual development. This study aims to analyze the reading skills of seventh-grade students at SMP IT Robbani Indralaya, focusing on both mechanical and comprehension aspects. The research employed a descriptive quantitative method by distributing questionnaires to 19 student respondents. The questionnaire instrument was designed based on two main aspects: mechanical skills (letter recognition, linguistic elements, and slow reading speed) and comprehension skills (understanding text meaning, evaluating content, and flexible reading speed). The analysis results showed that the majority of students were in the “Good” category (63.16%), while the rest were in the “Fair” category (36.84%). There were no students in the “Very Good” or “Poor” categories. Internal factors such as motivation and reading interest, as well as external factors such as family support and school facilities, were found to influence students' reading skills. This study recommends the implementation of continuous and collaborative literacy development efforts involving students, teachers, schools, and families to improve reading skills comprehensively.
 
 

Using a literature review approach, this research looks at how the public views the accountability and openness of the Medan City Government's budget. The foundation of this research is the idea that openness and responsibility are cornerstones of effective leadership that may boost confidence in government. Finding out how people feel about government transparency and accountability in handling regional budgets is the main goal of the research. An analysis of pertinent literature, documents, and prior research is carried out as part of the methodology, which is known as a literature review. According to the study's results, budget transparency is crucial for establishing public confidence and engagement since it shows how openly the government provides information and the accountability systems are operating. The study's findings highlight the need of holding governments more responsible and transparent in order to foster more responsive and accountable leadership and, by extension, to increase public engagement in tracking how regional funds are being used.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of group counseling in improving students' social skills in schools through an analysis of 20 articles that meet the inclusion criteria. The results of the review show that group counseling is effective in developing various aspects of students' social skills, including interpersonal communication, cooperation, empathy, and confidence. Various approaches are applied in the implementation of group counseling, such as modeling techniques, role playing, assertive approaches, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and group discussions. The program also creates a safe space for students to share experiences, gain emotional support, and learn to manage emotions and build positive social relationships. Factors that support the success of the program include counselor skills, a good program structure, and support from teachers, parents, and the school environment. Based on these findings, group counseling can be considered as one of the effective strategies to support students' social and emotional development and improve the quality of learning in schools.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the backbone of the Indonesian economy, but in digital business practices, they often face legal challenges in business contracts, whether with suppliers, distributors, or marketplace platforms. This article examines aspects of legal protection for MSMEs in digital business contracts and identifies inequalities that occur in business relationships with large companies. This study uses a normative-juridical research method by analyzing business contract regulations in Indonesia as well as comparative studies with legal systems in other countries. This study concludes that MSMEs need more proactive regulations in ensuring fairness in digital business contracts so as not to experience exploitation from more dominant parties.

This article explores the effectiveness of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach in group counseling services to address various psychological issues experienced by students, such as anxiety, academic stress, low self-efficacy, and procrastination. Through a literature review of 20 articles published between 2015 and 2024, the study highlights that CBT-based group counseling has a positive impact on enhancing educational awareness, career maturity, self-confidence, self-control, and body image. Techniques such as cognitive restructuring, role playing, symbolic modeling, and active music therapy further reinforce the effectiveness of these interventions. However, the success of implementation greatly depends on the counselor’s skills, the intensity of sessions, and the participants’ active engagement. Therefore, CBT is considered a relevant and adaptable approach to be applied in group counseling within educational settings.

The development of information and communication technology (ICT) has brought major changes to the world of education, especially in terms of the media used to support the teaching and learning process. The use of ICT-based media offers various advantages, such as fast access to information, more interesting learning materials, and a more flexible and personalized approach. This article aims to analyze the role of ICT-based media in improving student learning outcomes. In this discussion, it is explained how the use of ICT can enrich learning experiences, increase student motivation, and support more collaborative and independent learning. Even though there are various benefits, this article also identifies several challenges faced in implementing ICT-based media, such as gaps in technology access, limited infrastructure, and a lack of digital skills among teachers and students. Based on this analysis, this article concludes that although ICT-based media has great potential to improve learning outcomes, the success of its implementation is very dependent on infrastructure readiness, training for teachers, and awareness of the importance of technology integration in the education curriculum. For this reason, there needs to be a more planned strategy and support from all parties to maximize the use of ICT in education

Academic stress has become a common problem that needs to be considered carefully. Self-efficacy is a person's belief in understanding their ability to complete academic tasks based on self-confidence about the achievements obtained. Students have relevant corrections between learning outcomes and the academic stress they have. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of self-efficacy as an effort to deal with academic stress in elementary school students. This study uses a literature review method from previous studies with sources used from Google Scholar and the selected journal years have been published in 2021-2025. The results of this study indicate that self-efficacy has an influence on academic stress in elementary school students and provides insight for educators into optimal psychological and academic development of children.

This research was conducted in the fifth-grade class of SDN Lebak Kepuh 1 to examine active learning in the classroom that focuses on a student-based learning approach. This approach is important in encouraging students' critical thinking skills. The teacher is the main factor that influences students' motivation to actively participate in class discussions. The study aims to evaluate the role of the teacher as well as strategies that can be implemented to increase student activeness. The purpose of this study is to find out active learning strategies to increase the participation of fifth grade students at Lebak Kepuh 1 State Elementary School in the 2024/2025 school year. The study also highlights the teacher's contribution in motivating students and effective solutions to overcome learning obstacles. The method used is a literature study, with the results showing three main roles of the teacher as a facilitator, classroom time manager, and constructive feedback giver.