This research examines the implementation of social welfare through social assistance funds in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic within the framework of the welfare state theory. Using a normative juridical approach with a descriptive-normative character, the study analyzes the legal foundations, the theory of justice, and utilitarianism as conceptual bases. Two approaches Statute Approach and Conceptual Approach are employed to review key regulations (Law No. 13/2011, Law No. 11/2009, Government Regulation No. 39/2012, and other implementing regulations) as well as the concepts of distributive justice, utility, and the capability principle. Secondary data consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials collected through literature study and qualitatively analyzed. The findings reveal that programs such as Direct Cash Assistance (BLT), the Family Hope Program (PKH), and the Staple Food Card (Kartu Sembako) represent state interventions aimed at correcting inequality and ensuring citizens’ social rights. The application of the principles of social justice, utility, transparancy, accountability, participation, and sustainability has strengthened the legitimacy of social assistance as a redistributive instrument. However, the main challenges lie in the accuracy of the Integrated Social Welfare Data (DTKS), overlapping recipients, limited public participation, and long-term planning that remains reactive to crises. Evaluation of alignment with welfare state principles reveals that social assistance interventions have helped reduce short-term economic burdens but are not yet optimal in empowering recipients toward self-reliance. Based on these findings, it is recommended to regularly update the DTKS, enhance digitalization and data transparancy, expand participatory mechanisms, and integrate social assistance policies into long-term national development strategies. Thus, social assistance funds can serve not only as emergency aid but also as sustainable instruments to realize social justice and inclusive growth.

This research aims to analyze the comparison of the power output of monocrystalline solar panels with and without the use of mirror reflectors. The utilization of solar energy continues to grow, but the efficiency of solar panels highly depends on light intensity. The use of mirror reflectors is proposed as a method to increase the irradiation received by the panels. A quantitative experimental method was used, involving two identical configurations of monocrystalline solar panels: one without a reflector (control) and one with a mirror reflector. Voltage, current, temperature, and power data were collected every minute from 08:00 to 14:00 WIB using a microcontroller-based data acquisition system. The average results show an increase in the output power of the panel with a reflector (1.75W) compared to without a reflector (1.58W), although the temperature of the panel with a reflector is slightly higher. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that the F-value (15206.12) far exceeds the F-table (2.012305) with a p-value approaching zero (0). These results statistically prove the existence of a significant difference in power output between the two configurations. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of mirror reflectors substantially increases the power output of monocrystalline solar panels, making it an effective strategy for optimizing the performance of photovoltaic systems.

This study investigates the influence of employee relationship quality on customer service satisfaction at the Toko Kurnia Emas. The central issue addressed is the extent to which positive interpersonal relationships among employees enhance the quality of service experienced by customers. Accordingly, the research focuses on assessing the degree of impact that employee relationship quality exerts on customer satisfaction. Employing a quantitative approach with a descriptive correlational design, the study involved 15 employees and 15 customers selected through total and purposive sampling techniques, respectively. Data were collected via a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using simple linear regression to examine the relationship between variables. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between the quality of employee relations and customer service satisfaction. In essence, harmonious employee interactions contribute to higher levels of customer satisfaction. This study offers practical insights for managers in the retail sector, emphasizing the importance of fostering strong internal relationships to enhance overall service performance. Future research is encouraged to include a larger sample and explore additional variables, such as employee training and professional development, that may influence customer satisfaction

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of employee performance management at Indomaret Kamal outlets in Bangkalan city, through a qualitative case study. The research method uses semi-structured interviews with an employee to explore their experiences and perceptions related to various aspects of work, including stock management, work relationships, and job satisfaction. The results of the analysis indicate weaknesses in the stock management system, characterized by inconsistencies between online and physical stock data, and lack of adequate supervision from management. This causes some best-selling products to sometimes run out before the next stock replenishment schedule, causing losses in the form of lost potential sales and customer dissatisfaction. In addition to stock problems, employees are also dissatisfied with management supervision which is considered inadequate, which causes difficulties in carrying out tasks and reduces work motivation. In conclusion, this study highlights the need to improve the stock management system, increase more effective and supportive supervision, and employee training programs to improve the effectiveness of performance management at Indomaret. By implementing these recommendations, it is hoped that the effectiveness of employee performance management at Indomaret Kamal can be increased, which will ultimately have a positive impact on company productivity and customer satisfaction.
 

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi respons pertumbuhan dan hasil jagung terhadap pemberian pupuk organik di lahan kering masam Kabupaten Boalemo, Provinsi Gorontalo. Tujuan spesifiknya adalah: (1) menentukan dosis pupuk organik optimal, (2) mengidentifikasi varietas jagung terbaik, dan (3) menemukan kombinasi optimal antara dosis pupuk dan varietas. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan rancangan faktorial dua faktor menggunakan Rancangan Petak Terpisah (RPT), melibatkan tiga varietas jagung (Jakarin, NK 212, Pulut Uri 1) dan tiga dosis pupuk organik (O1=0 g/tanaman; O2=200 g/tanaman; O3=300 g/tanaman). Analisis data dilakukan melalui sidik ragam (ANOVA) dan uji lanjut DMRT (?=5%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis pupuk organik O2 memberikan respons terbaik pada tinggi tanaman (201,51 cm), jumlah daun (10,07 helai), diameter batang (18,42 mm), panjang tongkol (17,89 cm), bobot 100 butir (38,13 g), dan produksi per hektar (13,68 ton/ha). Varietas NK 212 dan Jakarin unggul dalam parameter agronomi dibandingkan Pulut Uri 1, dengan NK 212 mencatatkan hasil tertinggi pada kombinasi dengan O2. Interaksi antara varietas dan dosis pupuk tidak selalu signifikan, tetapi pemilihan varietas tetap menjadi faktor kritis untuk adaptasi di lahan masam. Pupuk organik dosis O2 efektif meningkatkan pH tanah, mengurangi toksisitas Al³?, serta meningkatkan ketersediaan hara N, P, dan K. Rekomendasi utama adalah penggunaan varietas NK 212 bersama pupuk organik O2 sebagai strategi optimal untuk produktivitas jagung di lahan kering masam. Penelitian ini memberikan basis teknologi budidaya jagung ramah lingkungan yang dapat diterapkan di wilayah dengan kondisi serupa.

The Community Service Program (KKN) of the Faculty of Economics, UNKRIS, aims to raise awareness and change behavior among the community in Pondokgede sub-district regarding the environment, starting with the household environment in handling organic and inorganic waste through composting and the use of Biopori Infiltration Pits (LRB), waste banks, and greening for Green Open Spaces (RTH). The method used in this study is qualitative analysis. Before the KKN FE UNKRIS activities were implemented, several steps were taken to ensure the smoothness and effectiveness of the program, including preparation, implementation, and evaluation. Overall, the KKN FE UNKRIS program in the environmental conservation movement and its implementation in Pondokgede sub-district has had a positive impact on accelerating the development of Pondokgede sub-district, as evidenced by the improvement in community behavior toward the environment and the level of community satisfaction with the KKN FE UNKRIS program. The implications of this KKN program include the need for continuous monitoring to ensure that community awareness of a clean and healthy environment continues to increase. Additionally, the program should be continued until the stage of utilizing the results of waste processing generated by each community in Pondokgede.

This study aims to describe the application of the inquiry approach in science learning for early childhood. The inquiry approach is believed to be able to foster curiosity, critical thinking skills, and exploration skills in children from an early age. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with observation and documentation techniques. The subjects of the study were children in the Playgroup at Kiddie Care. The results of the study indicate that the inquiry approach can increase children's active involvement in the science learning process, such as when observing objects, asking questions, and trying to find answers through simple experiments. The application of inquiry also encourages children's communication and cooperation skills in groups. Thus, the inquiry approach is effectively applied in science learning in PAUD.

The creation of an Islamic Religious Education (PAI) curriculum grounded in the Qur'an, Sunnah, and culture is covered in this study. This curriculum emphasizes the spread of religious knowledge while also incorporating relevant cultural values ??to provide pupils a more meaningful and contextual education. The goal of this curriculum is to develop pupils who are honorable, tolerant, and capable of adjusting to the problems of the world without abandoning or forgetting their cultural and religious values. To address these issues, a qualitative method known as the literature review method or literature study was used in this study. Books, journal articles, and other materials relating to Islamic education, cultural values, and curriculum development methodologies are among the scientific research and literature that serve as its reference sources. According to this study, students' understanding of Islamic teachings that are applicable to their daily lives may be strengthened by incorporating cultural values ??into the curriculum. Teachers have a critical role in creating education that integrates religious and cultural values ??in order to produce a generation that is morally upright, open-minded, and prepared to deal with the changing dynamics of society.

The installation of WiFi networks in the campus environment plays a very vital role in supporting the smooth running of learning processes, research, and other operational activities. At the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education (FKIP) of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, the implementation of WiFi networks has become a focus in efforts to improve information technology infrastructure. This study discusses the application of network topology in WiFi installations in the FKIP environment using literature study methods and direct observation in the field. Based on the results of the study, the network topology used is a tree topology. This topology is a combination of bus topology and star topology, which allows the distribution of network connections widely throughout the faculty building. The choice of tree topology is considered effective because it can expand the network coverage and maintain connection stability. In addition to the topology aspect, the network authentication system has also undergone significant changes. Initially using the Single Sign-On (SSO) method, the system then switched to using Access ID. This shift aims to improve ease of user access and provide flexibility in the use of various types of devices. Overall, this study shows that the implementation of tree topology and Access ID authentication system has succeeded in improving the quality of network services in the FKIP academic environment.

Sexual violence is a serious problem that has long-term impacts, especially for teenagers. This community service activity aims to increase high school students knowledge and awareness of sexual violence thorugh interactive counseling, educational videos, and group discussions. The results showed an increase in understanding, courage to voice opinions, and participants’ awareness of the risk of violence, Community education has provento be effective as a strategy to prevent sexual violence in teenagers.