This study aimed to determine the stand structure and tree canopy cover in forest and parak ecosystems in Lubuk Kilangan District, Padang City. This is a descriptive research with a direct observation throught purposive random sampling method. Data were collected by making six of 20 x 20 m plots in each primary forest and parak ecosystem. Tree diameters ?10 cm were measured in each plot and canopy cover were collected using the Hemispherical Photography method using a mobile phone front camera equipped with a fish-eye lens. Data were analyzed in terms of stand density, basal area, Stand Basal Area (SBA), and percentage of canopy cover. The average tree density in the primary forest area was 913 individuals/ha, while the tree density in the parak was 467 individuals/ha. The SBA value in the primary forest was higher than in the parak, which was 64.10 m2/ha in the primary forest and 14,72 m2/ha in the parak. The average percentage of canopy cover in both areas shows that the percentage of primary forest canopy cover was greater than that of parak. The average value of the percentage of canopy cover in the forest area was 80.48%, while in the parak area was 71.23%. Correlation between tree density, canopy cover, SBA was only occured in primary forest area where the canopy cover negatively correlated with SBA. This study showed that the primary forest area and parak in Lubuk Kilangan Subdistrict have a good tree density, SBA and tree canopy covers.

Water is a very important need for living creatures on earth. Humans, animals, plants and other living creatures need water, clean water is very much needed and is a source of life for living creatures. However, bacteria or germs that cannot be seen by the eye are still detected in the water. The bacteria that are mostly detected in water are; Escherichia coli bacteria. Escherichia coli forms colonies that are convex, smooth with distinct edges, and round. Method used The qualitative literature review research method is an approach used to collect, evaluate, and synthesize studies in the scientific literature that are relevant to a particular topic. Based on research results, Escherichia coli bacteria are found in various types of water such as refillable drinking water, well water and river water as well as swimming pool water

This literature review examines the increase in antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium that frequently causes infections in humans and animals. Although most E. coli strains are harmless, some pathogenic strains have shown resistance to various antibiotics, posing a significant challenge in the healthcare field. This study highlights the various resistance mechanisms found in E. coli, including the production of ?-lactamase enzymes that can inactivate antibiotics, modification of antibiotic targets, changes in membrane permeability, and increased activity of efflux pumps that expel antibiotics from bacterial cells. Additionally, this review discusses factors contributing to the spread of resistance, such as the excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics in medicine and livestock, and the transfer of resistance genes through mobile genetic elements. The literature highlights recent research efforts to address this issue, including the development of new antibiotics, the use of antibiotic combinations, and alternative therapies such as bacteriophages and specific enzyme inhibitors. This review emphasizes the importance of strict surveillance and prudent antibiotic use policies to prevent the further spread of antibiotic resistance in E. coli, ensuring the effectiveness of bacterial infection treatments in the future.

Education plays an important role in shaping students' character and competence. One of the challenges faced by the world of education is how to build students' understanding of subject matter that is relevant to the context of their daily lives. In this case, ethnomathematics is a very potential approach to be applied in mathematics learning. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of ethnomatics-based mathematics learning to strengthen cultural values. This study uses a Qualitative research method with a case study approach. This approach allows researchers to explore the experiences, perceptions, and impacts of ethnomathematics learning on students and teachers. The research subjects consisted of: students, teachers and parents. The results of this study indicate that ethnomathematics can improve students' mathematics learning achievement, especially in terms of identifying, translating, understanding the meaning of symbols, understanding and applying mathematical ideas, and making an exploration (estimate) related to mathematical concepts that is better than conventional learning.

The diversity of macroalgae species in Indonesia's coastal ecosystems is important to understand and protect. Indonesia has a very long coastline and a variety of ecological conditions, from tropical to subtropical areas. This area provides a habitat that supports the growth of various macroalgae species. The method used is a qualitative research method analyzing the diversity of macroalgae species in Indonesian coastal ecosystems and the level of understanding of high school/MA level plant-like protists. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the level of understanding of SMA/MA students about plant-like protists is still low. Students have difficulty distinguishing between protists and true plants

This article examines the development of mathematics learning design using the Dick and Carey model in material simplifying algebra forms for class VII SMPN 217 Jakarta. Learning design refers to the process of planning and developing effective learning structures, strategies and activities to achieve desired learning goals. The purpose of writing this article is to explain the steps for developing learning design by applying the Dick and Carey model in designing mathematics learning on material that simplifies algebraic forms. The results of developing designs using the Dick and Carey model in developing mathematics learning designs can help teachers in designing and implementing learning.

This study analyzes the effect of atmospheric drag perturbation at two different magnetic index  (active and severe storm) conditions, on the motion of NOAA 15 weather satellite, the Celestial Mechanics software results were plotted with the assistance of the MATLAB program. From the results it is noticed that for short period of time the effect of atmospheric suppression disturbance at different geomagnetic activity had the same effect on the orbital elements and orbital motion components ,  for a long period there is a slight variation in the effect of the perturbation at two different geomagnetic activities, which can be seen in the orbit's inclination as well as its size and shape. The results demonstrated that motion components were significantly impacted by geomagnetic activity over relatively extended time scales.

This research aims to analyze the ability of FMIPA Mathematics students at Medan State University (Unimed) in solving problems of convergence and divergence of real number sequences, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of using MATLAB software in supporting understanding of these concepts. This research is based on the aim of overcoming students' difficulties in understanding the concepts of convergence and divergence. The research method used was qualitative, with a sample of 20 students selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected through written tests and observations of the use of MATLAB which were distributed via Google Form in solving questions. The results show that 55% of students are in the "very understanding" category, with MATLAB proving to be very effective in making problem solving easier and deepening understanding.

Moss plants (Bryophyta) are bioindicators of environmental pollution. Identification of moss plant diversity has never been carried out at Medan State University. The research design used to obtain field data is by using the exploratory method. Sampling was purposive sampling in the humid environment around Medan State University, especially in parts that have lots of trees. The results obtained in this study show that there are two types of moss plants, namely leaf moss and liverworts. There are three species of leaf moss found, namely, Sphagnum moss, Entondon seductrix, Andreaea rupestris while the liver moss found is the Bozzania trilobata species.

This study aims to analyze the role of digital development marketing in supporting the growth of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Cibinong District. Along with the increasing internet penetration and use of social media, digital marketing has become a strategic tool to increase market reach and competitiveness of MSMEs. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection through interviews, observations, and literature studies. The results of the study indicate that MSMEs that implement digital marketing are able to increase sales, expand market share, and strengthen product branding. However, there are still obstacles in the form of a lack of digital knowledge and access to technology, especially among micro-scale MSMEs. Therefore, support is needed from the government and related institutions to improve digital literacy and provide infrastructure that supports the development of digital marketing in this region. Overall, the role of digital marketing for MSMEs in Cibinong District is very significant in increasing competitiveness, efficiency, and market reach. However, to maximize this potential, collaborative efforts are needed between MSME actors, the government, and technology service providers so that existing challenges can be overcome properly. This study is expected to be a reference for the development of effective digital marketing strategies for MSMEs in Cibinong District.